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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  s+ q2 ]; x  w6 P) P- V
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% y1 Y0 {% R* x' C/ g% j. h
Exposure to Testosterone* a4 ^0 P' u+ f0 ]  U; f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2( l& w- a4 h7 P: q) G1 C/ \2 p
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ I# c8 d4 L. W- j$ o/ \
Clinical Pediatrics  ?4 o1 x# o5 {$ K( Q2 e$ l9 C
Volume 46 Number 6
/ O0 D( b2 m& UJuly 2007 540-543
/ u3 `$ M8 x2 W& U; C& w; C: f) c© 2007 Sage Publications
" Y9 V: k# ~' B: I( _4 M10.1177/0009922806296651% c7 y2 M/ |. V$ w$ T& S( z6 G
http://clp.sagepub.com" J7 S9 t) }0 K
hosted at5 J' [0 S1 k# y9 d/ K/ q- d
http://online.sagepub.com
3 s6 j- U, W% I% Y9 |) K& FPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* A6 g/ r1 h0 }$ p* mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
( z" j2 f: o6 Y( ^7 \: T8 x. D  ?# Rprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 g& f+ c3 i9 ~; F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  Z, Q0 K& ?2 q3 I* r! H
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 I2 s7 g; T# t; r4 c
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 O' m) W3 _3 k9 yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) A2 q6 o, Q9 T7 ~& G, c/ X% M
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 R' _" r+ Z) h" G- V! l
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- B: [8 J5 `" y7 _# r5 Y* ]report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ y5 W3 d, U6 t0 {7 Z- X6 l$ aenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 r* `  i" r  d$ z+ m+ e6 k2 e
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- k' w7 W& H0 e6 `% q/ ^3 w/ W
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! T" U5 }& C0 _3 h) O, @9 jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ a! J$ c' f( ^8 i8 ~9 v' hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 P% ~! Y! Q1 A  ~3 E. l4 k0 o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. C/ e  a2 ^9 l: ]2 |4 etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. Q: k3 H6 U! T/ |. t2 p+ }3 W
bly more common than the rare case report in the
; x0 @' K2 T  Z) j! X- }  mliterature.4- S; @# I1 ^' o( {5 f6 s  _
Patient Report& V# i# f, Q' g
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# \& g. H# p" x: o+ hendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" Y, m) n0 P- f( Q$ l5 W5 |of early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 `( |$ Q, t( P* c. y4 slight colored pubic hair development when he was
8 P  h* M) E9 vFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 E, s5 ], g; V/ x0 ]# f
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, y  x$ w8 @: SAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* E  D/ z* e+ X9 z3 N- bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" N  k0 w; d+ }7 E4 f
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* }' b. |2 ]8 j6 ?
e-mail: [email protected].
" L% y6 u3 q. U$ m& xabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  ]( r" |# ^, E2 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" l  O: V( ^+ H+ H5 }  Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 m, I& ]5 k+ f1 P3 f
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  p6 U+ Z4 a' H5 z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: G% i6 z7 E* X
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 w5 u' s. e0 \( b0 Mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# A; k7 U9 a- l" ?6 M5 ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 K2 M+ N1 x! ]2 r3 b0 a2 iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 T4 z  n# ]4 {8 V
was age appropriate.
9 N0 j/ [/ M% h5 m: s# v2 HThe family history was remarkable for the father,8 O; a  k: r4 o4 b) J+ ^
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) P/ {) ^* w/ o7 V0 d0 ^
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. |5 w* I+ v9 M& Q+ d* Z% O
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat0 |+ g$ o- O' \- I+ s1 z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 j- Y( }( {$ |% Q" [! D3 y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- Y2 r* e$ m1 ~; m/ ?child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- J3 d8 Q' b8 A! }- T1 q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' H+ n3 V, }8 Z  [5 x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ O9 L0 o2 C+ c- [$ ~
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  h- K3 ^& Z! l6 k
tives. There were no siblings.5 i$ E8 h, G8 Z0 Q2 }
Physical Examination8 h/ w, w$ z6 }- V
The physical examination revealed a very active," V9 I# ~# i5 i
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( L, N2 p. J3 c/ A+ r/ z. @5 c6 t  g! Xa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) d0 H; s: ~6 l9 y8 x3 N: ?2 e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" e% k. T/ q- j- u3 Y: H9 m(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# W9 P  d1 g# \. Mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of9 K! @6 f. v, y2 V; o
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 r: z: `: E5 T! u  W6 ~The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 d& U! l4 R) G, a6 b! d: Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 b4 f+ m8 v# _$ K8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. D9 P- {) Z; f$ I! h; |developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ u$ {0 z! T+ T
540
3 I% L0 n3 V; q0 T$ _) m& j; e0 \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 C& v3 d! r  P6 J
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" _$ O" [, {" s; v1 G% a8 H) btesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; o" I2 _+ i! z* U2 \, E/ E9 f) L  _! iThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) o5 Z" M: h6 R% x5 Z" aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) I' }6 z! {( l. X6 [5 _( uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 k2 i! [3 _' x2 V, W+ \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( v4 [8 e+ q) E4 v  X5 z) B7 a2 `
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ E( i! L% D( ?& o& Y. p
of papilledema.
) o' i4 y1 X/ L% c) `, p3 \8 OLaboratory Evaluation7 O- D7 c$ s8 c, h  u5 B4 G
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ x  U7 P& n- T. W, A- e
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ o5 ?/ ^' E5 s* |
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ _- `8 m. |1 {( ~* I4 h+ E. y5 lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. z6 X" D% V5 ?* R" h
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- P) r6 z: B1 w7 K; P
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 |; O" y% q5 ~1 l
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& c# p6 F: {$ P/ k/ ?# turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  [2 j  L) B8 h6 j
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 i+ @$ \* n# F0 |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 m+ a1 k$ I2 d' G' o- \4 U(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 \# ^" J% ~5 S8 P  b+ P" d
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% ^! z5 c' }& ^8 P6 C. Iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& I6 b0 W  C: N0 @8 O' w& w( g
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 l% m# g& q0 ]! P+ o' s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# ^. R( Z" g, J3 m$ Q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 Y# o7 L8 x6 @4 B' D/ `1 s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 M% u& r+ k9 L0 ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 u& n) S7 m# ?6 {! N4 k( M$ P4 a) Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' D! N2 u1 }/ t9 k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 D4 b2 c9 K% Istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ e2 l& j: [3 J& m9 W: aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! T' W5 ^9 F* e7 n(prepubertal).  }; w  H& `: z; F. T9 t
The parents were notified about the laboratory7 A+ [8 X( r# J2 `- w
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* D# q6 M3 F- S: g2 M6 u, tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The& N& W6 Q% m' M- z, [/ s' b0 P
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' b( A) |7 r) f( y9 L8 K7 a
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ X3 F  v! D% ?: N1 Q  a
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! r) J4 |1 m4 t7 K4 G9 S6 SPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ g8 h' X; w7 o- S6 ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 Y& n6 K( h/ o8 t) k# P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' u; m6 G. X- r( Z: Dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
. t/ v2 H# T: |3 C% I+ G3 t  b' Vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 W$ }8 m4 O/ b$ l6 V$ fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* R# l- \0 }5 K/ ]* Q) m0 q# amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& m* R6 J6 V, S+ B& p: \6 q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* G; G* Z* O9 Q
ing frequent erections.- K; h" o% p7 _  a. `5 y
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 t" W" }+ b# L5 D# Fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ T" x" m& N# ^- T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 I+ n( U6 s& @7 `& y, V3 i+ W% BTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# Z$ K& J8 _$ J" e% j$ juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. x( F7 g9 A" u" Y8 o4 E+ Z# ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& h7 N# B6 D* sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( }5 G1 _9 k3 R2 ]. fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: ?2 \+ b3 \5 A
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 \. H( k6 V# Q- c0 Y3 ]6 Z1 g- |' ~
secondary to depression., _7 L9 w* X# h& y
The child slept in the same bed with parents., g. b7 B9 W. n& I4 }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% h4 W' H, h6 ^$ _0 cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ V% u" X, C; x0 O8 s; _4 `3 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.$ b1 \' {/ m& p! }) H/ ~" y4 Y2 i' `
The father also admitted that after the phone call,# O5 h( J0 Y5 j6 u
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- ^% [' {( q" m& y6 b( t' Cwas high, he then read the product information
1 b& h( p( v$ f* }  E" Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! }% c7 {6 I# M7 g& I
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 Q8 v5 v2 |+ s( |decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& Y1 ^1 J$ J- a1 a1 [* V
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had: t# s/ [6 M/ c) t# j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
# }# l2 g* Z# R) ~. V9 R7 E3 X5 q/ E3 Ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the! o9 {1 u/ y, u' g
laboratory to obtain the test.* v% K* V" z3 l2 m" W3 u
Discussion
2 e6 l. F3 [) P- Y1 HPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ @0 p: w7 i, I. x5 s7 }2 Y3 r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' H+ p. `1 `( Q) ?8 S% F/ C) z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when& O. }3 U+ j* E* }: s* Z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ r, `% O9 l, V% X/ v
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ {  B; `4 x& u5 U4 q" c7 H/ j8 bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* @. O7 A2 U; k  \- d* t: Z' h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
' q& D9 ]4 N3 g% _- S0 Gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ l# k# G6 H- namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" Q+ m9 P( h% t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 D7 Q, b! b" [$ Q( r
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, R; l2 Z. X7 Q$ C1 F% w1 `7 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 N  B5 H2 r3 C" Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( `) q+ _& C( U" Q, y3 w: ogonadotropins.1,3
5 D, X) B; e' O! ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* _/ ]( ^0 m8 o: m" _
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 m# m. I: J2 P9 b9 ^7 j3 y  e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, r+ w4 ]' x0 w: O! Q
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# I. H  y8 n, w3 h$ C, v( U$ R3 mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
5 C& g) C3 z/ B2 g# ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 i9 c& b/ o! x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# c( F" c  N3 Q* p  Fpuberty in boys.3,4: G; t/ g' T: C1 [" L
The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 y5 r1 ~3 R# `8 Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# |9 `" V3 K4 \- P8 }( |# h2 r- i$ qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ F( N5 i! ~" a* S! z: l* A! E
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 q, j( R7 }0 `: X! ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 S, \% L2 ~7 Jexcess.1,30 @  \9 X& ]) k* w; e4 [) w5 X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ e3 Y* `# `- s0 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& Q' X5 [# O) E+ G6 z2 `7 kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; S# |' t3 G0 [+ ?2 ~% R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. o8 i% s# w0 k3 c$ u! v$ o; ?9 H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 C0 D) {3 D- ]. a% a8 c/ @& every young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 q  t4 V0 F8 h! h; Z4 g% I- zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,$ H. x2 {* R- t# c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 H0 u, N9 A4 G4 l' c6 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- m2 _" W6 ~0 H% Z+ e+ fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  N  Q9 {/ N' S+ x; D
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 A$ ?+ @5 g% B* t6 f  Lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 F% ?& x* q& U7 S+ Z5 i5 E) t
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only% E# X3 U1 L1 x
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 p9 H; k# t) ?6 F% ^% h6 w* W' tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
) e* ^1 l) l5 KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) X  f# K0 B9 @* v( N+ p$ i* x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 T: y! M1 E7 F* w3 S
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 y9 q1 S) o5 @" v) D; G& lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father% \2 h* {. J9 M- r
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 x2 j% ^/ \% ^/ _8 Ztesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 s. {3 R- b( O" Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! d; b( W# E9 U. \, u- @. ^
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 ]$ A* H' F( ?. s9 Bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, N) h# O2 _. L1 b, E
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- A5 g+ w: O5 s2 G) [* u6 P8 k( xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! o" ?( R3 ~/ @% m# H9 s+ Z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, j& X( e$ H  vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
7 Q& L7 h4 T$ n7 V$ Ssuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& J. _0 Y* V  `' r; [8 p  x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) q+ |9 \  _; ^# Q1 b# `9 u* t8 spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 Y' [! g4 V$ Hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* J0 `" d( [& N& w  S( Y, W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( t2 r) q8 @& @$ j5 ?+ @- N1 [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) w" @8 _& m, x. c2 ^( a2 B) oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; `: R( L# k2 @- Z) K
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# U  \1 T0 ~0 |unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 V% D; s$ S6 CSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
2 e& R( G( _$ cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 U) j+ d- V. y9 L4 q5 `2 {: _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 x' I; B  u8 V# q# W$ L7 N
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 h9 o" R* c" otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  i% w  B2 z9 @% G+ D# @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 X8 [2 n6 O1 K' [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' _; A, f! |0 c. d1 Gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; R3 K; }, P* v) B3 C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& R5 Q% j' z; m
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ w( x0 u! K9 G. Y1 w1 x. Y$ p
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- y! t! f  L* p6 S) y0 O, Zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 b! e3 ?5 }0 s% U: f1 n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. }, ~: G8 T( I$ H- P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 K( o9 m  L. O8 {" S- B0 X4 gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
- M9 B- d' ]7 n$ O! Q# AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 U3 R7 R8 k! S6 I9 v$ S- K- @/ Iearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ v2 L* B( z3 \! }0 H
adult height are not fully known and always remain; r0 Q+ r3 H) K% h2 K$ `, Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, ^+ q2 {5 m' w" Y) e( cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! N# j7 X4 r, X4 e" aacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- ~8 ~8 C& H3 |& S0 y% Z& N% x$ `2 hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation( J4 A2 V1 w4 R8 G" `- `; O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ K  H$ u' c6 ^: c( f
There are conflicting reports and controversy" n' v/ K( W  D/ [( q0 {5 N
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- H7 i; ^+ B8 }: }" d% G( x& Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ v6 P" Y% d4 y+ P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% n0 p5 s' O3 `# v8 nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 |) n' Q6 D( a$ B4 G2 A- t/ W  L
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ K1 {7 a* x2 r# ], b  e' hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) i5 m" K1 N: y
penile length in clinical studies.
, {7 r: d9 ~# C* g8 M5 s$ RNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 c% d7 I$ Q! p# {1 ~+ R- l. X; ~, Ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 J1 E; u8 [7 _3 s. [; \0 T3 Wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 V; W4 J% q2 o2 m2 Rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( x  h  n( u$ p6 J! `
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ M0 E8 d' _' P2 H- F+ ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- U) t2 [% {: t/ |* Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: H9 @, Y# D  {+ B3 o8 K
height will not be affected.
3 k9 E/ ?3 X" D- ]Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-' k: X; w. K+ ^! `+ j. r5 b
ability of androgen products in our society may
/ U! ]" j3 K! F7 x$ ?8 zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% n. e1 R1 m+ [" _: s6 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ }: f" W$ O0 R- x; Dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
: o* \5 c  S/ s: w) wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ H7 M( B0 x& e
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 L0 x4 I, v9 Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
) O9 b$ J* M; [4 ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ L% {6 }# R9 l) L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 O* I9 u; H2 K# M  y5 aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ {7 v. Y6 {( ~# E- x. ]- S4 M1 _0 G' Z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# ?2 F+ z) S! p6 sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 ]& \9 Z' a& ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 z+ W/ ^, u* v: W9 ~8 J% ]5 x
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 r7 H% X* e: N( ^, \) z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 M9 s, i3 v& |8 M
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( i1 [6 A. {8 Vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or6 G) a% w+ U# X' T1 f0 h$ p+ D
female child who might come in contact with some-
; j0 n6 i8 L; F2 {one using any of these products.4 g" r, l- h0 o0 ?9 `4 @0 t  o
References8 v( `, B: ]; Q; C& J
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' J) G1 P7 b. I% j$ i7 zand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 L2 ~8 ~% R& {( R( N6 n1 m; PEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ @0 |5 P6 e- \8 H% q1 z
2002: 565-628./ j. H0 p5 _2 A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. p7 i( t. |5 @6 z/ G. Y* D! x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* R3 G5 j3 d+ P; rBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( s1 k, x5 F3 x4 R% B
Exposure to Testosterone5 ]  ~7 V9 a0 _6 }! z, v, m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; t5 Q8 K8 F& }# M
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" j* K2 H* u" W( c
Clinical Pediatrics6 m: k9 m$ c5 F  o- K% q
Volume 46 Number 6
) F; b$ @! `, {; @6 R+ bJuly 2007 540-5436 I' J, ~+ D5 B' ?6 m
© 2007 Sage Publications) Z1 ~* c  @; k& \1 w
10.1177/0009922806296651
; o1 ^0 t- s0 U7 ghttp://clp.sagepub.com% j" f, ^  }- m! h/ r
hosted at. Z8 \  J3 @$ x# m. ~. O9 f3 U" b
http://online.sagepub.com
: j% p) p! n2 w* b+ Y* w! A/ SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' l. Z2 Z2 [8 \) b" }
is a significant concern for physicians. Central: E+ L! K) m2 A/ E0 s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 ^, u; [) p% v: V; [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( l0 V! G: ^4 ^) X! p. f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 U4 s! E- N7 X$ @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& N" e/ y. A: l) t# x3 Sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) V4 j) ~- P, o0 Y3 z6 g- Jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* {1 K2 _0 M+ [4 y4 e) D0 p! xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% z8 k+ u- d# q  h  x/ @/ a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. o5 W. z' _- N$ Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; U& j' H/ ~1 P# _2 @ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 f: i. w9 x! t" Nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by3 ?3 V9 Q. @( b: \
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ V8 \# x* z7 E) B0 N
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; d8 E  W( a3 Y0 N4 E# {child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* s, }: ~& Y* m4 l. F, x4 ~4 O
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; s: A  g+ v) P2 U7 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 c( {  _. g  Y/ w
literature.4/ S. z) U# J) p9 Y: I2 ~# i
Patient Report3 W0 o  s6 j8 J8 N( Y' y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 O8 u7 q0 N& h7 M7 A1 {endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 a5 u1 Y" t8 t/ q: f, V5 x, r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( k$ n! E& h" C" d1 l9 j5 b4 D
light colored pubic hair development when he was& l3 j9 h, K5 W& o* v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( J) E7 B1 Z& P0 `, L3 j2 PSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% [/ N: T5 y# I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," Z, d3 c% O9 D) B: R
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" S/ y0 l1 G9 \  ~# D4 v2 R" q
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ S- Y8 o9 k% ?2 p# R& o, `e-mail: [email protected].
; j, h  E8 d" ^* m: ]2 a0 l  gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' X) d  V. `7 i7 A5 k2 L& kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 ^. m' k/ E" r' M. H* c
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# D* S3 A  N" ]! E. u* M( D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' a/ f$ v1 i, Y, {  k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ w& b9 d% }  y0 f" _$ R% p8 a2 x20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 K6 ^5 Q' ]1 I' m
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 s* `* a0 b- f6 P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( R/ P! l' K6 o6 g8 i# T- Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 j- g. F" Z' A' j! G* I0 d/ H
was age appropriate.5 L+ Y# t/ U" ~7 ~* |
The family history was remarkable for the father,
  Q- E, |- h' E) ~( Y- }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* j& ?- E, x' E5 x, C! ?' N/ P
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 V+ o! }# r5 c; P4 M  T. X9 L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% `2 j' d) k6 C- a; S" x% Wearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., ~: Q0 }( T* u8 m  b
The father denied taking any other medication. The5 l+ e( w! i& u( U/ I; a; r% A
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, O2 a5 n1 R8 A# s/ D3 O* B, R& v
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% _, y( Z: W" [( t0 J3 W% N* [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( X  L# I. c4 f+ V# Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 ~1 v* ^% \$ D- u
tives. There were no siblings.
: _' C; h& V% n% d6 mPhysical Examination
  B+ X& n+ F1 _( M3 \The physical examination revealed a very active,6 X6 ~6 p% Z3 M9 X5 V* ]5 x# G! }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- v3 n- T) B6 S. w) t" r
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) m* s0 v+ H% D' E( ]: I, _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 v: B9 b! w( t  h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% v+ P& A" a1 @" v8 nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. o8 G: Q! Z$ |/ f* e0 t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 Y1 X5 p2 z4 G( A" B, ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 A1 R3 \) r3 U. a$ y9 q' q2 J' z1 m; ?
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
. o3 U7 }$ @5 z3 a" i5 @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 G+ ^) `  j/ F' H; g; f" c; ]6 |7 xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% s  C* j6 Q" y3 E1 Z540- E* @, m8 Z# B3 p3 b9 G
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 K: b9 F6 [- S. m, A! z2 u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* K3 W$ Z  M; _7 X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: ^! i7 z8 [, p9 N! JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 U5 C5 C# e( v# ~& z. g: |: ^oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! n# O! g7 _2 z+ H; jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 r( t& y0 H& z) I, b6 U0 J) L) @
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+, F8 y$ S" c* `* P" @* Y3 [, z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) S: h: K0 f# ~1 Xof papilledema.
+ o' s' M3 P) ?# n/ c% kLaboratory Evaluation+ n7 x1 A2 G* W3 h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 l7 G1 S, R) [( T
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 F- C' t& q2 A* `. Y& i8 o: `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. d$ n; R" Q, k/ G- m  q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 V' V) D" U1 y; s7 ~" U
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 I8 W$ ?4 N7 k  @2 z0 }) M& O
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, r& W4 n! Z* I- iThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- z. G. E& ?+ i+ q" k+ W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 Q2 N) q/ T+ a2 X" K2 ]& v+ t
within normal range for his age. The concentration( @! I5 b  J' Y7 ~$ s! E5 Y9 t' Q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: d* ?! w! P3 z% ~# W% t
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 v" v( {5 h9 l6 z! S% _ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 Y6 u' T& K+ `+ qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& `3 w4 L. Y( W
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 J' N2 Z5 h& i- D# H
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 L" y+ _( }8 B
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& L2 P( N. i; D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. R7 R) b0 j. ^. U9 C1 U0 Utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  U3 g, a. K. y' ~, xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; e5 n4 ^# ?4 W5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: \0 }: S, P0 e* [: Fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 t* x5 H3 F& s$ ]
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 @4 q/ `2 q. v$ G! G(prepubertal).
* u" E) F, u, z, r5 jThe parents were notified about the laboratory8 {; T, l5 l' e& J' w
results and were informed that all of the tests were
  I$ R8 T" s: m- D) G8 x5 inormal except the testosterone level was high. The/ f! u5 ^& m$ A7 D+ e0 g, c
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% U# p' x3 o0 y( H, i4 `0 U5 x
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# k7 \' |- i5 ?/ R: D- ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months., x# }7 ?( e- [+ p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 K! u1 j6 h& f2 ~5 n0 }, Rchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 f- z0 C# [6 W+ t% l" r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) j! Q; |9 d9 E- l8 i& n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
* Y8 c4 z" ^& A, Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 V$ T7 v3 {: Z8 P4 A" ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  M3 g8 X/ }/ k! u7 x& \1 }) D& cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 }3 }' i* w( eThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 e- q6 B# D$ Y' d, Z7 r
ing frequent erections.
0 W, G4 _2 h% TBoth parents were again questioned about use of3 E2 ]1 S, C6 x/ y- v' W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! r  `* |8 h9 {& c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 X7 w* ]0 ^, {Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- G( c/ K* J  V4 Cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# t6 }+ W4 Y  K6 U- Ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 N6 `" d$ C6 c3 [& n+ B
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 o: V) n# i+ U( B2 v$ pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 G  b" t% S- C8 G2 h+ _4 T0 ?
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 A& j. W" S( `. r5 d$ x  l& s0 Zsecondary to depression.- a6 C" v+ {+ a) x/ e5 x
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. F" U5 Y4 A8 `; O3 wThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 ]' b" y, j/ ~; G8 @3 \. z2 o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ Y& h5 b* d, {6 c' tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 M5 T1 p/ s& U9 H4 q; I- I( f
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  }! D) d8 F# |3 F3 l2 Jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby! t8 W" J; z; T* }3 t
was high, he then read the product information5 l( K9 d  ?- M" @  G  x
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ ~2 V. |1 L/ s9 ^5 F& oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- T- x' m! Y% Mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' ]2 j5 B! \% Z( f# E; Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ t& a2 ]5 {# Z- \" V
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  j+ h+ S8 R) |4 A' O3 Y. N' R( H  U: R
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, o$ A3 L: ~4 L' T- Nlaboratory to obtain the test.
. q7 ?# |* f# J8 s/ v6 c3 [Discussion5 B9 f9 P& j8 u
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; l) W6 M! b6 x6 o) U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. N6 t% q; H" h$ ^2 Z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when+ |" h1 k) D4 u3 D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 h6 M6 ~4 {5 z7 E# ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& }" c; i! k* S2 Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% _, }% l; V& j* |" Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" z+ r! a- `, S- J0 cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ K- r$ i+ _+ H5 ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ T3 v: e( |9 K1 t: k$ @sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  ?! T/ ], S$ b) q/ `/ B1 a
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
% L0 j" ]+ H; o& g2 Z. fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 @) @$ [; R2 w! t. f
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 y& P/ }. k- m; ~% h9 u: S, Z6 J) p
gonadotropins.1,3
* O: |6 p3 |3 `' U9 H7 n% D4 M* ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 r6 q, W8 F+ x+ d! E8 ^cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 y+ f" ^, [1 v& [, candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ P2 r# o0 L8 G  i7 kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! [. `" r, }: E, O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: }( P- J6 K8 Dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, F$ C4 _3 W* X/ `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 M, Y) y4 Y/ B. v9 gpuberty in boys.3,4
3 @3 Q8 F5 L. L7 [6 a& J+ b9 ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ B! c+ {# p' X# K( V# I0 N8 U
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% y0 O+ p# ~; V9 |' C5 U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 G; w) U% a& b: a1 g* T: S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 B0 C2 r- k% x( \# ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, w1 F; @9 O2 o' k# T, `excess.1,34 [) e) A3 ]8 G% M7 h/ k0 |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 q; J( ^: I6 `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20070 V4 w0 H5 {, D6 Q  d
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* S: Z' K# P# h' z+ c) p4 T+ X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 i* Y. [: C( t/ _: r
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: m' k# ~3 U! \( y# w8 H3 rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys; ~3 ?+ a/ N0 I% T7 @6 L
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: ?; A$ W* {" [' Yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; ]+ `& p( o4 q/ Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  y  i  s: q# q; y8 Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 ^. s" K+ k6 P1 [# M8 Vpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 a" l3 b4 m8 J6 K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* Z+ f9 n& d7 X( T% P5 N
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, a: i; k$ c. G, rmales; therefore, other male members of the family
  c' U! I" h6 Z/ ~' ~may have similar precocious puberty.3* K8 [3 c+ r: R' F5 `/ v( z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; E" U* A5 Z- ?, c: psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 }$ R! d" H' E8 ^& m5 icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 j' u% |. G8 @* E( cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
; n9 Q: C) \4 _. g7 |started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( h; J0 V# l+ G9 ^+ W: T9 F6 F- n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the2 e: |" ?: U! X0 W, @" M  k1 B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* w$ P6 P* H; q& _$ V& C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 m4 N* `, N5 r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 w% i1 G" s, x; g5 W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 W8 T. K0 j/ t7 m  P" l2 r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 \  Z! ^6 G! j2 D" g' C* ~. @ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 Z. h1 n9 |8 `/ P+ B3 D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 m9 Y$ \5 v* p3 L! ^$ a
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 ]* e" a0 B& g1 j5 `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) J, v6 A8 D9 g6 Z$ l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 u1 U( V' S* P! X2 qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 b3 M; R  @% n- J' A3 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ ^! ~# W4 l) |+ zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" w7 S: m* o6 w+ C3 c: [Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. z( C4 s& Q$ h. Z5 ?4 S# Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% ?! I% z+ W. l9 X' Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- |; d( q* W" OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) d9 r8 Z, I# F' n1 p
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 |. u* \+ @) o- }3 _+ v4 qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% R. {# `0 N- A% |+ }8 B! zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 b* m0 t! q* P3 M% i  x
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." A  H6 ]- R4 k; U4 F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* z2 |2 O7 q' v7 N8 gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 o, v3 S; ^+ l, v
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" C2 b, O% u# B& S4 M
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( ^. `0 c' L& Y2 O8 B$ Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone. d. \/ L4 k# D& u/ L% q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- X5 p  B' E9 f: p: k4 P* Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 H# |& e4 U+ V/ H4 T. n; T4 j
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' [! o% K) p1 R8 w5 s7 a% Rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
5 D6 o6 W( R4 S: o5 b- D! sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ ?; I+ V( P: H& X
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' G, I; {! m1 |! Z/ Y
early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 z: M! ?2 q& m: @& u  ]4 c" Fadult height are not fully known and always remain
& z0 n! ~9 y/ x% ?+ v1 C  ma concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ |  t( k1 R6 J. h, f) k( xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- k6 x" o. \1 }/ \& v# a: j* Iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' x- z% Y( t" [  Y& ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 r& i3 {; N  k8 `1 V6 J$ c5 J0 kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 Q1 a9 P0 L! z  ]  P# {There are conflicting reports and controversy
) _" B$ K$ `* L8 U$ m. ?over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( I6 b, z4 L! D& C& P& ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
: U" `' j$ s$ [3 n1 {9 g" T. Madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 B1 h; E  p2 K/ `) a3 {
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ z$ w4 H# Z# `; B% \Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ s4 o" P& Y+ ~# Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- Z1 ?/ J' q! `8 ?6 c9 o0 mpenile length in clinical studies.' d4 u+ O4 {; @# ?8 D
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 _1 M. k9 j- q1 i, L# \# N3 Mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
6 Q; t" r( D7 v, I  u0 u% Ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: l4 A0 L/ V; W% d0 n+ q" W& u) qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  O/ Y# Y0 D6 C) F7 f1 u, x$ @6 n
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( X; Q! P+ ?1 i! z6 L# g6 @
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
& k# g8 H& x1 E+ o, `4 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 r* a1 t9 r0 E3 |+ [) A
height will not be affected.
5 a: T+ C, f3 H* M8 y9 @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-# }. i& x3 c/ j, L1 G
ability of androgen products in our society may
9 H2 t% p' j. F+ \% ?3 zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 s4 }6 Z) ^1 @  R' U9 @( }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& z' M9 e7 l. ^' p5 _
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. d* _, J7 [2 m' I+ ?* I4 n# itioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- w2 K# L8 ]0 y5 ?; R: [. G" Lgel should be asked of the family members during# G. h5 X) ]" z6 y) Z. k5 W
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ c9 b: h9 d# I/ E& w
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 V: k" d5 _! C4 [3 p3 V% c
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 {4 k8 k" |8 W8 B. X) U3 G- ~
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* H! S- Y% f  J7 r3 _
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# c8 Y0 r) }8 t- R% g" iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 Z  B& B" `3 L3 c5 o5 _3 |0 finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
+ l, W9 X4 d0 R" X( Naware of this fact, because most of these children, M* L3 ?) |# a$ Q$ k: g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 D# V2 a1 l/ q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a8 @+ N  _( ]$ v  g0 z/ N  z9 w$ c
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: A5 h' q5 e1 B' j2 j3 j+ Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 z. @) o% I7 f4 B' z+ v6 E, I
one using any of these products.9 A2 V8 L6 N: A' D8 _7 d) a. l0 s" [
References
2 @2 ?+ `& o2 S' R6 e8 h1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 ^* m" I# Z6 j7 ~( y; z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" @2 ]- J4 ^$ ?
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 ]: U, A/ u' U( J/ y, ]7 b+ Q2002: 565-628.
2 y4 e2 l7 d3 w! p" I7 C2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 u# S9 Q* V1 t  Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 G, J( z9 R) d: V5 a2 D
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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