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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 E- ?# V, y( g$ h, A8 K7 aBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 P9 V+ E: p7 g2 KExposure to Testosterone8 ` `7 Q9 B. S: |+ A% W4 _4 j
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,23 B4 l6 \* x" r; ~8 l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 ~5 K! @6 _2 A4 n
Clinical Pediatrics
* P# v; i" u6 b5 E6 f3 ^Volume 46 Number 6
5 E! O ~3 E- {3 v) i/ ^5 iJuly 2007 540-543
, D0 j7 ~1 B% _8 M" `© 2007 Sage Publications
; R9 Y3 K; n+ Z10.1177/0009922806296651
/ N% v% d- B7 x. _5 O) ^/ fhttp://clp.sagepub.com$ y+ Z/ E/ ]9 o* E4 F
hosted at) h8 o1 M0 ^4 D& j" Z# H
http://online.sagepub.com
7 |' i3 n* X& o( YPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. {2 u9 W. Q7 P+ \8 g& z, o4 u6 uis a significant concern for physicians. Central" P" T% x1 Z5 M4 l
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 T i+ P* C) uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* t7 z( Y' ^! i. [3 C& |
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' a% d0 j/ } i8 X, B! p
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. P" B9 f/ S" a* I2 I' f+ e
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; I# j6 J& {3 j) E4 b1 Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 V8 w: i4 a2 v! t& }0 e: x4 scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 }' C$ {& l* f4 K
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. z+ {# g- `8 p. m3 L' r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) {" I2 E$ x5 F3 v; s! X1 A- r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
G5 s( m+ L' Q. @7 m7 |. K# ^to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: d$ O5 B7 ^6 u. u& [, Tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 A7 `3 t0 j# q/ ^/ j: ^
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" {& D& L$ Q9 d% U0 x+ k. I3 L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 c i3 F) m8 F! J7 l9 L" xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% U4 S m$ f$ a1 z8 ubly more common than the rare case report in the3 |4 ~3 f# g. v
literature.4' N: A7 h! K+ k7 g: K1 M
Patient Report
_- ~; U9 P6 W! l3 y' ?7 g) tA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 @/ m y' l9 Q+ o
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' ^+ ~( i! S: J2 o: o6 \# |' iof early sexual development. His mother noticed- B' {+ L* }( a F
light colored pubic hair development when he was
, l8 e/ m$ o. e' Q& V, LFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 z7 {! g( Q0 ]0 VSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" z* S% }- B; V/ G+ [# h" lAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 F u& ]8 Q# [3 v b
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, }6 p ^4 N8 w) f6 M9 g5 n# |9 e2 o) _
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, ^$ l) ^/ l! r, x7 T2 N/ le-mail: [email protected].
9 s5 U8 y1 \) M: D" X$ m7 g4 |. nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ }2 |/ x1 b; l. ^0 p% {8 }! V
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' }) |" L8 r* b& }% A3 Y, b
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child5 \! Q2 k/ x+ H
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 G; ^5 n5 j( }/ x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 W! F" \' _- c4 Y+ s2 \3 h
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 ?; L ^4 I$ U8 S
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, m8 y0 E8 n8 B; M
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: }# t/ E1 E% N3 Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ o4 d( ?4 l# }5 s& p4 B0 f
was age appropriate." G6 K1 l8 f+ e7 o! i) E8 q( n# g
The family history was remarkable for the father,+ r5 s; | k: L3 P4 V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 x0 J8 h) v4 s7 ^. u* d8 Dwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 g2 t% s0 p3 B) t9 f7 [
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' C0 j" @8 W i# P8 J' w
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 Q+ F* o6 ~2 L4 W/ W o
The father denied taking any other medication. The
; i* f- U6 y' C0 H! echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: i0 l8 U. h: W8 h- \
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& t1 t. a2 @% A5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 I- a/ k' B* Y/ k' ^" K9 i# ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ i' j5 N8 M6 N
tives. There were no siblings." Q; y; j! N* X
Physical Examination& f2 L3 m, E, b4 H! F+ s" E( Y; {! T
The physical examination revealed a very active,2 A& L: T+ M: c0 U+ {5 P, {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- F+ q% ^2 }' Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 g: m$ W( o. u0 [/ b+ |! j7 r/ |8 K
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ g+ d/ p, K# {/ j N! j(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth q: G0 r+ {/ D2 a* }' K
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of) n) r3 `+ L9 _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ y- h# h8 c4 M% H( B! {
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ W( q/ `+ j3 G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 T1 r( k4 t" O" z5 z/ d
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 q& [, N0 ^9 ]) p6 n. {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around a- F+ N! X" d8 L0 O
540, v4 j1 f* R; H$ k0 N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 W2 [+ H3 T5 }6 X- [the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ E# Y7 G. v2 D" `) Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" o: b) ~1 R8 J2 B% I, SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 h7 I+ j8 g! v% w, H0 zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ P* P2 P7 _0 X1 R+ C) T4 iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ ~+ w2 N6 e8 r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 N0 F; A/ \& A8 E) s
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 w1 T3 T/ M `: _! Cof papilledema.
; ?9 N1 L$ U& a" X! ]# r2 R% r; ILaboratory Evaluation) E) E2 \ Z+ w% L0 E9 `) ?3 x$ h
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% P% u9 R! Z/ `, |8 k0 ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! |2 k+ n; |: m$ {# {5 {7 `! N5 k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ n% u Y/ q5 Q. q' s9 X- U. Q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 ~# s/ ^7 ^1 I) w5 @( r4 |showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* m f |+ X. p% T
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 @3 e3 {* N% `
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 G! }3 J8 O% D) G1 D& R; L$ W1 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ N1 d$ r8 C( U! M" Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, u* ~9 P8 c1 d% i( ^of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 a% G$ C2 J. G# P( q: C3 X(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 n+ x7 c% B7 T+ x0 }- e6 xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- ~% t/ ^! n F9 ?
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
; [( o. c* w( @, G4 P8 bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ W1 N7 Z- o2 I* t( C- T3 c ]
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. Q4 Z: I: P1 k$ n' C; |: S; [( Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 x4 g0 j1 I; R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; k5 O0 b1 x% ?& _! ~1 Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( o' t j. P9 P% F1 _ g& Y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ a" g+ t5 X% K' `( D, [5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ Q" h& d& g7 ^9 D J) E
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% T' n5 s& O# v/ Y, L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% |2 k9 y5 ]" P+ s* t* `(prepubertal).% W3 i n; Q) n# e) B! i
The parents were notified about the laboratory1 U% A& Y# l% A! R q
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 m1 E. a, A4 ?" Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 z4 i7 c; X8 ~3 F5 {. E/ j! Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# l4 M+ K4 s0 H/ W1 h; }
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, k6 v& P5 S# Hever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. r, k. Z( K! s" l# v# I3 f2 E3 ~( mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the% P& o$ n0 W) M+ G6 ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained9 u; h/ q6 x( d" ~0 `2 @8 r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 N. _% Q6 E$ E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, q- M1 Q) |3 [ Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at s6 [ X% Q5 C% [* o4 [2 Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
( |$ _# f/ ?# p% S! ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, b7 ] o" i1 I. MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
[4 r3 |1 f- e: F% x2 ning frequent erections.
4 I8 ^/ [1 D- k, ^Both parents were again questioned about use of7 w. M' Z2 Z$ C. T6 s6 Q0 \; @
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) N2 G6 m+ C k: U: l# Athe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 h. X# s) F; z6 R E. v
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. W* {- W, Q$ d S& h* L
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ i p2 x% ^. J8 E7 E* s
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 q' l; F# P2 J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, f* I4 q7 k5 i; k |6 k8 S
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! D% v8 |: v) _+ \9 g; |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ m: j1 @" ^) o1 h" l2 e" m' F( M, d6 O
secondary to depression.* ?/ p; Q; R1 b" f4 m! _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ Q4 T* ]& K9 E$ R, NThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 U( o8 v% r7 v, a& rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 P }7 `3 b2 N) u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ ?5 V- i0 H! G; P& {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,' ~- ]% A8 k1 v! W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, F% E+ ^# E7 ]* M9 Z& c
was high, he then read the product information
( q4 W: @6 G" i& n5 v" jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ r2 Q; g% t8 o! C+ q* oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. V6 B @) K, T. S- ]( H4 ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 f$ g/ ^7 [! d( ?father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 H! F/ T' h: _; Q8 Pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- O- O+ Z/ z- v7 i: P' \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ H/ f% q' r- X) h* |8 j# m: m2 d
laboratory to obtain the test.
. U# i: \ q. @) f% DDiscussion
3 \( D4 H2 j- b+ e* f" P {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* H% d5 S2 E+ J! O5 c- n, S. gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* C8 B/ x1 e' w: lPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ X' P% O- D' |0 R! H- _$ I+ v+ u9 E
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' Y! B" [2 w) l0 Y# f" q+ Uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 C/ C1 g- i0 r9 ?1 @" ^mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! h# S! n- M) _& a$ }5 J; Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. v4 R" t' y; xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 C _' G$ Z; f: `0 `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-/ G/ o1 s8 p( y* E) e
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 N% a0 Z9 D3 Z( A% `% N( s/ sboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- ]: B- K& _# _- T, o- V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 w# O: v0 p, ^% s* P- \7 ^
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ _8 A3 _& `$ b# \
gonadotropins.1,3/ \) Y, A- K# W5 }$ {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' t9 U) N: h) gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( a; k* f' w" candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or8 Z, D7 l5 {+ v- u! U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 w' ?; ?$ t+ y7 r+ l# f, X: {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& C$ y1 S; d7 c# H2 u7 Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( Q) b' n) x" T: \( ^$ p3 m badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' N7 A5 ?# \+ w# P
puberty in boys.3,49 B) G. ^& O+ G, t( ]# @3 }+ g
The most common form of congenital adrenal3 i: H0 A1 B; }3 G
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 J( T% E* n: i) Z! W$ j& S- ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 ]/ k/ a" x5 _. Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 j" V' Y. ?- _3 l9 g1 Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 l) p1 z- T# @3 V3 t4 ?: vexcess.1,3
/ q# M+ @% o8 [# S# g+ Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 f/ B/ d0 J2 y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! V! e- i6 K0 ]3 WA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% Z& s6 O) a: n3 b9 m; S; a6 cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known. S( p7 T- X6 b- K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. U6 V8 `/ X9 k" ~% }% F, nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys3 g. t( }8 @" w$ t% R
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 W$ e6 q# z: i# x: A7 I- E$ qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 p% Q: m3 C0 z& i6 _' M' K$ O8 `, jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ c8 S3 C2 I3 b3 f% F# \ u6 t) D
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
, j4 h0 L; I! V; X% m! L3 ~1 X% apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) K4 p& u$ p3 x) Qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 g- `$ m/ i. d& N* |5 x _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& k7 m6 v& D" h! |males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 b( y7 F3 ^' i% b( Umay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 j9 o5 Z8 r% L) a6 FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ T v" }1 D N1 t1 d1 O' [sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& o, B$ ]1 R5 O3 zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 C8 o, ~/ R& H9 e, |! }/ E
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: g2 j! G/ h$ A& Q6 u! `7 ~( qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 i- V5 X8 E5 x A+ rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 X% R2 O4 {% l5 Z G/ [- r. K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ i0 H2 f0 ]9 x) ^; w5 N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& H& f1 O6 [+ r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ j0 {2 A* d! e' }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 }3 Y' }& I# k( _+ U: p4 V! Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# H) H/ d; @! [1 I' [ E
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
i9 `" ?( D, ~9 HThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! |8 _# T! j' a Q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 @$ E1 e- q4 l5 {/ A% }6 c9 W4 } dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) p2 T% n; e/ U# ~) [; Qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 \. R* Y& ~" ~) J) w7 R% X: n' U& h7 ]
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: }% P& |* T4 \( M* @
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: Z! @5 q5 E( B; }
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( b9 z6 G6 p; s+ e; Z& p! S
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; G% P2 e3 B6 V, s, scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# \. V/ O! H5 _% f/ X; A' ^9 ^unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ ~8 L5 E* N5 _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the0 O+ F _# e4 Z+ @7 W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to4 x, t" `* c5 T7 X0 l
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 Y; H0 ?8 P. W. C3 J' vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 [* k, ]# T6 A5 _: C
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' ?2 j4 w3 y/ a* m! a1 ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* e0 ]7 A; U I3 C- Rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* O' |8 b: C1 b8 L6 j* fdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 N& v% G$ K" [( ]2 Sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ S" ^0 { j: |/ V% Aactive in young children exposed to testosterone5 n7 o( a. }. y6 e( i
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! C1 t6 A" c: S+ y! B5 ^$ a
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 B& f* v9 v+ h7 Q) e4 L2 u% |
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 x% M8 p# x. W% qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! C% ^" h. ]1 uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ l6 y: @6 P0 T% Z; E% h$ c# ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: ]5 v3 @* ~9 Wearly childhood on pubertal development and final1 t6 y9 a, o1 n# r2 T% Y2 m- `: x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 E d1 x: g3 h9 v" t* |a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 y) y! i. ^! N: }
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
_3 \! ^; h" j. \" e+ ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ `/ f0 {9 X) Y8 h7 `; t q7 y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 l6 O5 Q7 e6 T" H$ G4 ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& x" Y4 x$ R3 _, b
There are conflicting reports and controversy, I, s) y) S' }5 Q9 ^; o: ?, R7 n
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 f. y% r; Q) a6 t d' D; Wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal9 u7 u; h' H D( S# b$ ?& P2 A
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( H: z1 A( p- Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. Z! ` C/ V% ESutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( q2 i8 z8 W8 |; m/ W$ U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- m2 N4 Y; p( C8 z3 n1 I! ^penile length in clinical studies.
& v9 p; e& e7 j5 m+ D( @Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" T6 I L; c0 f% e
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
. H, x( L$ \0 a. ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& r; ^7 y& h6 p7 Mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" F. f" J* ^/ H( ?0 LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 e! k) `7 x/ q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* M3 V5 ^/ H+ [1 `& F3 p" H& k
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 i2 S% U- n! O! Qheight will not be affected.3 `5 {6 M: |$ q& |' y5 C
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 k& s+ h7 S. v" I4 r9 {/ yability of androgen products in our society may
! c2 y' c5 u. W+ l1 u$ v! S9 Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 T+ c" v6 ~9 Q% U; Achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro- }- R6 l ~7 b3 i8 i
gen products must be considered and specific ques-. i! ^7 Z" F8 y. W: R
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' B+ R, p$ e0 Z4 M5 E
gel should be asked of the family members during3 L. W$ [2 s, y8 {! u2 ^+ k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
& w* k* g3 c3 C5 Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; j4 W( N; T/ qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by- E& k' Z6 J) \, I: [ g
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& s0 W, s2 h- c1 t6 }7 N7 t" z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' x2 f8 b |2 ~: t8 jresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 P8 v/ d; h! _investigation. The primary care physician should be x5 t1 Q7 U7 ]7 q4 Q* r, C
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 u& Q0 M1 n4 _# ]* J' h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! u& r: Y! o& R0 u, a) x0 dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 X) H8 P/ ?( \ C- T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or; Q Z' M8 g. {, C& \
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 E/ b3 y& O, S2 ]# Q4 ^one using any of these products.
5 e( y$ s h8 p1 G! B, gReferences0 M" n+ v; X4 F6 p
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 @ f" ]/ ]5 z; Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 z! l! w) D4 V; N) d* |
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; d; G# l( z; N3 J0 \1 L) w
2002: 565-628.
6 M+ |' \' y& ~' j P2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 \, V6 d9 w; i7 Y, _( r+ Npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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