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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# g! C3 }% ~; \5 s. k( h
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* A! I2 j2 k2 e9 P: R  SExposure to Testosterone0 p* U* t7 C, E/ P2 ]
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; U+ ^6 K( g6 a" pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 s  \4 y% h' E9 \Clinical Pediatrics
& d2 U4 R5 |" ^  [Volume 46 Number 6- H* F) g" C, x
July 2007 540-543
4 n  B) J8 B- G! ~! R© 2007 Sage Publications3 ?# o7 N3 B, u4 |  [( f* E
10.1177/00099228062966517 A0 p5 A+ U, f
http://clp.sagepub.com
5 ~  S+ v$ `( j9 M- k8 ^5 e6 G4 d7 Phosted at
+ J+ K2 }: z& q! e4 y) ]- Vhttp://online.sagepub.com
3 t7 c" T/ h& v: qPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) m$ Z" t8 t2 }  i8 v
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# o; f* C, ^& W( {3 pprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; Z: Q6 K9 A9 d7 p6 N' Wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* y2 p5 x+ q; B# P! k# X7 J8 U/ A! da higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& h# }  f  J- Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 x: L2 \1 t) `$ M" X8 fby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 U+ N  Z+ R; ^9 Q0 G( H3 i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 s, s: p( s: g3 H
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 ], k& n( w4 [2 K  u; Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# D$ M. Z* p$ {" O5 T; H/ v6 ~
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 D) F2 G( j5 q2 e8 s: xment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ h. k; ~3 C( T9 D3 u
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% _) i5 S7 [. U8 }, E
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" a& v0 M0 R8 zmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 |, T5 z: H5 O2 M$ w
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of! l( R' j0 q" C' `; x
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 j) N0 V% ?( Y& Y; ]  T7 X& ?bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ k! V) m! E9 @' w; ]" ?literature.4
& B; _# [: [+ U2 y) IPatient Report" i3 I/ f& a% A: ~9 R7 Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# w4 {. q; d; Z  p' Z1 ?/ Y' Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( Y/ v4 H: e' V7 d* uof early sexual development. His mother noticed: |3 i5 x3 N9 A( R+ \7 s/ H
light colored pubic hair development when he was# ]& S$ X+ W- P% H  q' s6 N- m
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; R, j& I" q3 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ D! v: l% E* S5 v/ q: ^
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 Y  k: ]; Y) _# s' qProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- w; n& m4 W6 s+ DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 t; w( |6 M/ }/ H5 b; ^e-mail: [email protected].
+ }* e1 Y0 I' ~8 |9 y" fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" t& I( M1 {' I8 p) ~* P2 J
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 m2 j* \# o% I5 X5 ~# v. d( N/ q, G
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; c1 d) l2 k+ z' u, f9 vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- O' m2 j- @: E1 s" u. Ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; J* E, m0 Y: ^2 x3 Y5 Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" [9 |. [' ?- S8 l
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: E* E# h: \6 V9 Y% rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- @# M- m/ O! f$ j1 m; Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" x  a9 n% S% c: ^3 Ywas age appropriate.
7 \5 m  K9 D$ }9 l- _- b: kThe family history was remarkable for the father,% `( ^$ f) ^" `
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! d, }1 i2 C. z! Gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& ]. m! M7 l! Y5 K6 D
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 m: ]) [4 r- `9 r( j( G+ r4 U+ {early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 R) e# x# ]9 I$ IThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 A. V6 [6 a, s% w; a$ u: g. I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
2 b+ I6 D, e6 g& uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 I: C! D: j, z% }% l3 W* R3 ?9 R# `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% ?2 y$ @9 P) Z3 ]
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( C: X* o& D6 c2 c' Wtives. There were no siblings.8 F7 w% B4 c- Q9 Y; D0 Y
Physical Examination7 V% _! F" H- n5 C/ b. H6 `% H
The physical examination revealed a very active,% c8 a$ _& z, z/ \( n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& j* j( M# T! C8 r) }a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; g+ A% X) v3 e: w$ q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. b: n/ W/ }5 |(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! I. r' e, G- F
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of4 ?. G6 c" v8 y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 V( U0 Z- H; z4 S) o/ M% S- v
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; i8 B+ X; U# {$ I
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of, `# p2 C' L" D* s. }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. K5 ]# L% j5 t, M4 j. |( Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; K  h/ \: D8 m7 m
540+ r5 v9 W( h; [' x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  J# i( B5 }$ d% Z/ z3 m" U  z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 Q$ L0 q+ S, T) ^! A( m1 R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- k$ M0 k# r* a7 p- L' \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! T/ X# H- q7 Z7 m0 Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 R! y& F4 z7 o+ l& s6 j% Aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( Y  C' [; G3 g0 Z& o" D0 bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 c0 F% p  f! z+ x. R' z3 C0 H( Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
3 `6 s' |- X3 qof papilledema.
$ P! \' t, w" i8 D& A* q: wLaboratory Evaluation- ~7 p% b+ A# ?' L' @2 V
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, w- k. y6 O$ O: M  g$ F
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 I: x7 n; O: q  e8 `logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; y: X' ]6 S7 o9 J( s& w$ o4 G* ]6 xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 Y6 l& p- P' S! a! D% hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* V" h& V$ F7 q+ _2 xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).  T! \* m  Y+ r
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( C( E8 \# I) i# m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were! e% a+ O2 r. s6 V1 |
within normal range for his age. The concentration
; R/ C0 H& s) xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 W0 H; _( x& L; E(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" B- t3 h9 o$ i3 |! ^5 w- P5 f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 u9 A1 q  b7 x& |' e; M. N
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( b6 V" z- m' Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ m% t: T( c% s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 c# i! f. I! `7 @3 _
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- o- v1 \! M5 J3 [5 i; h% X$ h
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 T: r+ {9 \1 W; q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ N7 c% i$ f- Z1 E! Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! m+ f3 D2 Z$ l! z8 e5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( W' W  k0 A# W$ @( Q9 D, c$ Z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" A) C. I1 r2 r2 @7 Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 j- N3 k, p" b1 x(prepubertal).) G. w. {) a' ^1 G7 n7 z  M
The parents were notified about the laboratory% t/ I8 b3 i4 M1 m: ]! I4 T
results and were informed that all of the tests were  I# T/ a8 ~' n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The- N6 ^  E; \1 I$ e
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 u! Z5 W  b9 ]3 y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
' @" N( g' G1 N5 `& Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" R; d2 N1 G. ^; S) KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 @! V/ q. s5 c/ P+ v$ g) k3 wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- v! t2 D# V" l9 y( A; H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ D3 d: _+ N* Z. `# ]  j, B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% t5 V$ q% t) i* V- {* Q* R. n" |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) e& I! c% d, p7 x! `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  {% w6 p" j9 c" KmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 a5 H9 B  a6 j: ^; m+ T# |The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 q7 E0 v; z, \- b. m) Sing frequent erections.
0 b' D" d6 A$ b1 G' z; YBoth parents were again questioned about use of
) C+ m; D( k& b. o# T- U3 H& jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 v+ \1 q- ?- Tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' j, m) U& H+ J# P8 q  B
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) ^6 y! O& _3 c" k8 U- \* i1 U+ ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# v3 D! }8 E, o4 \! n' J' o# ^* N5 |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 _" K4 D# ~. y- ]& fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 n' q/ \) }. p8 Q0 W0 n$ `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& @# O. T2 w9 ^9 u/ d. b/ Pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ G( H' E/ {, o' Wsecondary to depression.( ]& C! p( _6 u& ]+ u+ `4 p' N
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
2 ~6 f  v# B5 o+ T& ^The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' M  l3 R2 x( ]  z6 R" q; Z8 Y2 kchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 N$ A- ~; }' x8 I. N+ {9 o
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) M" ^! G, ]7 n$ r4 A
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 u" N$ p2 U3 Q, E: G' B6 G
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ {# Q7 j9 N2 t7 r8 {! {was high, he then read the product information/ e4 T5 J% J3 m) Y: @+ S; C
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- p- d8 `, _& D- x% m0 mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they7 ?7 T$ A# n6 }' E+ }
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 i, X$ @& ~0 w/ S- b; q; Xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ D6 r- ?$ N4 _. a" _6 K! _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  |0 d# S( l3 r7 S  E8 V6 J
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ F* q% _0 ?* R7 M
laboratory to obtain the test.
- @" ?* [! j# X: i$ h+ {9 e. y7 q6 ]Discussion
/ F' g5 s& `( G$ CPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
# L+ u5 l& [' e6 J2 [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! n. }" N7 y8 A4 ]  fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% {9 e% J9 p/ I- X) s
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, ?* b( I7 L/ L8 B! e) ?' dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( w; z) r9 I- S& C' Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 Q  }2 T% U2 ~. o4 W0 g/ {may have a central nervous system lesion that is. |3 R, z9 Y/ M* x+ @( H
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 f4 B9 ]% S- D" c' W
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 k4 X1 _% O8 G9 ]7 K& _1 _
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 R/ g  q' Z5 I+ _) Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# d: ]. E7 y, D
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" J# c. l+ V0 U1 v5 r- R. K6 a" l& Jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" @8 F' ]# w, F; Hgonadotropins.1,3, [% I- I% }) [$ v5 W' x# o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 }# i  w3 b1 C: E3 b  s6 a% H
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; f5 F: z% _- p0 ~2 d8 U
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% J% t! l% Z4 Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% k& J- f+ \& A; U
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ d: b% K: g* d/ Y6 qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  q9 T% I# |. }; ^% x7 k* {
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 d* S6 n; M$ ~5 k" p* Epuberty in boys.3,4$ ^  l: O5 N9 O& Z- L
The most common form of congenital adrenal0 }+ ~6 j& f8 r) F' H
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# d& R" X: a: a4 D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 `$ m4 l! r* D; X* `6 v3 z; N" t
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 b$ d/ @* V5 Q0 N" q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
6 @6 E2 f, I; Q" S7 A: A0 i/ J9 fexcess.1,3
( a  _1 [5 D$ e) N+ s3 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 E/ i; E8 m. ^- c) v1 @) @542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( s: [; M, Z* E, V: b0 ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 [( D) ]( a! A+ B
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) g, b) n; O& F! z' i3 ~  z4 o
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! c6 R& h, w& k7 q* B9 Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
# r. _5 q$ O* bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 c# v6 V; I* R+ Z$ ]( r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ ?' r; r, S. D" G, h3 Z  W/ m' z+ a9 G
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: B, B1 i5 A( Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 l3 ~/ s. W4 ^' Z# ]4 {+ hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. T" a1 u/ K+ J1 y$ kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 r1 \7 s  n- B) l, w% Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ \4 G0 p* g# i6 D) Cmales; therefore, other male members of the family' `" F% y- K% Q# K* D2 o
may have similar precocious puberty.3' ~; j  X9 D+ O& L  ^
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. g, }0 u1 ^3 Y" Z- Zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. Z" N8 z7 T; ^7 s' f: n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, k0 L/ X+ n( Iwas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 H6 R9 o# o3 y, `* v/ m/ e. J7 o
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* I* C  o3 `( ]& L
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the" n8 G8 R1 U+ @0 Y+ S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. X# [& _0 e; I3 G) t: p! F
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# }# k6 c- E7 {9 l3 nbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ t6 W$ B6 o% o3 {
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, I( @/ l, d: [. U3 {, ~% udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 [( F; o1 G% H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., X' W; v2 U: B% J+ k! r
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- }  G7 \' ^; e" d& r( Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 R9 ^% I6 p3 ^: ythe physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 h) T9 o' c/ d8 A$ I- \
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 w; ^  b: q" }6 U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 ~; }6 B# q8 z" Y& Y7 a) L8 K) E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! E% G4 s% p, m- m+ W4 A: g7 A
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" H& f+ R5 n1 A: N! B+ P2 R0 H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 v" W& u, O0 O% ]5 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ K  b' s9 k0 Z1 q4 ^unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ @/ F* n4 ]% oSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& b+ Q5 A' Y/ R# |1 i) `1 ]# `baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# j( f9 F3 J, f  ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! _6 z" b7 {1 v9 k  @  F/ x8 Cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ q5 ~+ y+ R+ Y2 w4 x2 F: q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 `4 U% l5 Z! d. v; d( {Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 _( h* N* p) x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- c' r& `8 {$ x" a; ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) e# z# N' q+ K* `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- ]& @/ s% D  cactive in young children exposed to testosterone
" ?. ^8 p, \" P! b; z  I5 Y" @exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ D; {& _0 f1 @- `' R5 u
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* i3 q  o6 \4 D5 D- I( U3 U
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% L  f) n! ?  O6 Wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. u0 _4 f4 d# A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" v8 n6 R8 u: l: \5 q& qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: A  {- {' E3 e* P8 B5 Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final' A; K$ A8 ]- ]
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; l. K. g1 L$ S; `+ b! }0 x" la concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) E7 A- h- K' O6 B( xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 l9 x$ F0 I3 [- \' W% r8 O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) i/ ~7 p; R/ G: P1 n; p0 |, R$ acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* ~2 o3 E, X  e8 f
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( ~7 a0 v0 Q8 f- `7 w! A
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ G0 J8 a9 j1 x8 G" Y4 Z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. l% _2 J6 u- [  e: c" \$ w+ c0 {: qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 N# w) p' \4 \! u1 b9 `. I1 X
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; H5 f1 v4 c+ H+ X8 Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) ]2 d) D1 m  K
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% m( Z* P4 N8 g3 [- F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 b9 y9 h& z, m
penile length in clinical studies.
2 ]% v5 o0 P- n  a+ iNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 c" E: h& p9 I/ [. j: }8 x
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 J' K; U2 T: `
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. z) f* b; A' U3 Q' \; F. f- tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: V( n) D4 k2 Q! ]8 QAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 p' e) J4 D) x% ]8 T; k3 n& ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& U  d+ j: {: i( u* ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
& e1 \& V: ^' p8 u1 }& {+ H+ p( {height will not be affected.
2 D, s& E" H8 a8 _Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& U; L- c; A/ ~* o5 w
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 ]! T5 g/ @, ?indeed cause more virilization in male or female
# M5 r* N2 W7 Q* D% h7 vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. F( k+ w  K3 R' U6 \6 `# o3 O8 M
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 m7 w0 O' b4 |4 T$ ?, w3 _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 q+ M, {1 b+ Tgel should be asked of the family members during
7 W1 e, p0 a2 O. lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: e; G9 I! i4 Y3 m* Oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 o+ D# S1 I* \" t9 d# Cnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
1 b. j1 ~: m0 ^" o! V- G/ a; ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: H* ~+ N' R, [- r4 v5 h
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 `: T+ P" n" m% c! o- o+ T; e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 _% o4 L- l& R5 h1 H' I5 c+ Z
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; S/ P# b+ l3 v- g. r! G) kaware of this fact, because most of these children: B7 N# @; f4 }. Z. j! ?4 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 Z) q2 o% P# ?+ [Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
" C  e4 e% d) N2 n8 rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! K; I) H) h$ m3 D
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ l( a3 L- r' Y) C5 ~one using any of these products.- j  W3 U  w" j( ^8 P5 z$ m
References* p8 D* J. p3 i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 C7 Q& z: K1 Y3 Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% b; d7 y  L0 @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 w. B/ F  U7 Z
2002: 565-628.
3 O; V  z* m" y/ I) L' |, s0 L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 v" E! ~' J! B, z5 r4 }
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( o" D! F4 X) t9 \: U% m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! X& l) J( X+ ~: x6 |Exposure to Testosterone  g: r" S$ e' S* S2 a2 G
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ \( i: D9 Q) A6 O7 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
* P4 Y) w  r. S. c$ N: T% KClinical Pediatrics" q9 Z+ n  p* h
Volume 46 Number 6
8 T8 Y- @/ p: y! f. o2 i# S' r% E0 yJuly 2007 540-543$ v6 E( j& n. F0 D6 w& L
© 2007 Sage Publications: k2 W; O" ~& x& C9 X. ]) w8 o" p# Z
10.1177/00099228062966511 t, @! x( q/ M9 T. E9 U
http://clp.sagepub.com$ M0 h8 Q4 @+ q, ?1 Q2 J7 E4 ~! a& m
hosted at
# Z. E$ x/ A% P" i: k2 @# hhttp://online.sagepub.com
1 Z) p1 @& }2 Q9 P7 ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 }- G- `! U) m5 f
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 L- c( w, |1 r! X' x2 M4 b7 Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated* v# W2 R8 v" k( X; Q6 L3 m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ S6 u% W. S7 ]% f8 ?0 g/ P- da higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" q7 I' _% |6 \( Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 G% z8 [% r/ m! z) T/ K3 s  ^
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& s0 x8 {& K6 d. ]" ]
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ v9 o6 N' i  X1 m2 ~6 @+ u; Q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 q9 N9 v; e$ o6 q) w( areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 W3 X' t/ ^4 j, g: P" Denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 h) r5 h% N) tment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 K1 d  q. f# H! d3 Y1 c5 U9 a" Jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' `6 J' ^) t7 Y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 a7 C$ f$ G3 n: xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( F, l! f8 x& ichild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 p* k8 A% v- D
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; J2 F" U4 z$ z& Y& Gbly more common than the rare case report in the; w7 Q" V3 a% S
literature.4
+ n. q' `/ |7 J" e1 Q& OPatient Report1 h- ~5 {% }* [9 U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the& ^2 S- y% P3 v7 f: Q1 z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 z# ^, e; M1 I) u/ I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
. g/ F7 E' A6 K" N: s2 e0 W" B4 Zlight colored pubic hair development when he was( H8 y: h! M6 Z; f$ `
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ ^( e5 F2 }) M& E) l* I* e; q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 y1 t- o: W! c; t. A' d- f
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
! r8 I- |4 u% M7 OProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of5 K; m) r! V8 c) w# t+ s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& f1 O+ Y0 C9 e; {/ ^) j
e-mail: [email protected].
/ G. L! u' r: |3 iabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 u% m1 a2 T9 v( U0 ^. V& g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- E/ _1 l" w% w6 y. F7 D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 P, n% T- j6 B0 y+ I* y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 s8 D7 O4 f/ F# ]6 ~a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: c! {; T( c" \1 s5 E  w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) E; A2 S( P! \! g6 i
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 A4 M% o# R1 j; m8 O' Q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 T( X) K* C- B% D9 w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development) ]) T  H3 t9 `. p: C# L
was age appropriate.# x! f: V" @! K$ X& s4 o8 r6 O* d3 W
The family history was remarkable for the father,' k$ a' D# t) ~  F2 j$ _7 ~$ k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( q2 ~; G" n7 \' d; x  |
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 {2 s( j# K$ A& m0 n8 Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: P6 G/ n# B" x9 O% }" p7 a
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  N, Z7 j$ c7 P, TThe father denied taking any other medication. The
8 B3 s6 C: }* I8 F  s. _, ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% w% |2 @2 S$ U  V) Fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# h$ f# a" s+ r( I+ K6 |1 i5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" g- E# C2 i+ V2 P7 M4 U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. {1 y& }) C2 Z; ~1 E0 btives. There were no siblings.$ j& `: E! U& e, b7 P9 ^
Physical Examination
3 Q, {; y  H" B( mThe physical examination revealed a very active,/ x! o7 x5 ^3 f3 }( t) ]; p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 ^% t& _# }. Q# i, s+ e; f" Y& }/ {a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 T# O. q' {" K* _' V' o6 b90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  D+ Y& y' B8 }9 w6 o, Z- c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% R( _2 E8 i+ f" |' f0 [velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  u# e$ `% t. J; `: S' g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( v( @2 j5 D$ Q/ W, }7 i3 f; j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% q  f" _: Y% L; o/ Y4 I
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! k8 C2 ^9 I6 p2 g* I
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 Q) S5 z4 o  m4 A4 j- b3 x" {
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 W- b  }, N' t8 l( T* l7 F, G
540
( ?# s+ B: P3 j% l' f+ K) Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. T% x4 i' e2 U, l8 h2 Vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* w* |0 `& C" S) Rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' t. t5 r+ _. c/ d1 m  P
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ ?6 ~5 s! K, o" D) q4 S
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' `9 _4 c1 E- x- \: k, c$ H3 Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 W1 J0 [" H+ ?" K* ]Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 O. d# J! W& }$ W% H. Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- r. g0 O' F/ k7 w9 Q+ j# dof papilledema.
! k' W# \2 {: t) J: y# iLaboratory Evaluation
, ~( |. t- C1 xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 Z- k: G% V6 \( b
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* P9 F, r5 g- \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 i( H* K2 \4 n4 x) Q0 m% h3 ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 H) d! Z+ M1 K# ~& X" S* F: s9 ^% ]* N) Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* v+ J) E8 i# K0 o0 W& Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; t0 M: k9 q) n$ A# h9 W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ \+ [, x& r# |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. ]# V# X0 ~' F5 @within normal range for his age. The concentration0 Y5 o0 w- b) d* |7 ^  y; V
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 E5 N% L! _% `) f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- x* j0 o' V( \9 ]6 F; N0 B: D- ?ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, f) T0 V  p6 _1 ^+ @3 Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ q1 [/ I* ?- }. f7 T8 ~desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 ?0 i/ @3 r( |5 D+ k! ?/ a6 |) H0 j
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). M7 Q! P9 K7 u6 R. K* G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ x. c0 h% B5 E# O0 _tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 |1 N6 a+ J% }, l8 N
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 b5 H% J+ [% c/ T% Aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 t: {- i- L! Y" I1 o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 P; ^3 X  S" ]- b. m, n' ^
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; D& Y6 B# p( O
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* L0 C/ }5 ?9 O: Q- A(prepubertal).
2 C6 f) K( z9 z( \  _The parents were notified about the laboratory
( ~9 m9 D1 N" ^  E! sresults and were informed that all of the tests were. H/ X  H7 z( B6 @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 r3 V/ x6 b8 S+ D& P9 yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; {* n1 z5 n; b" A/ z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& w+ e9 y7 Y! R) J  J* l/ ]5 Y0 b: Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 K& j* n4 G3 M0 C3 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the3 c# ^* k' @/ u& Y" h" D' K1 V
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
: E: D  k% c3 Y( e5 y8 c2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 Q* I7 e! J/ F7 E. h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 u3 i0 h$ z- W
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# d, I  n. i& M. n* p( `% Gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- v& ]$ N) T  h6 K3 ?$ Q6 FmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! V; [' l, w9 U# k# z+ A1 j% hThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; g9 D- }, X6 n. a9 n/ N" o
ing frequent erections.
! W0 V# g6 n$ {Both parents were again questioned about use of
" e- M/ v$ ?2 `* p: eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 l" H$ T/ l# I2 V) h9 ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; S9 e8 q) Y2 M3 P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; U& i, y. b' d* B- tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 `+ l! P2 |, }, Z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: |% V  S4 b( I5 ], ?2 x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, J4 b( U' K, o: p) a  v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. b. ^1 h( c  G9 v$ A
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido  ?0 U: n% n! s; Q
secondary to depression.. X  k' r4 f7 ^$ d' J# r
The child slept in the same bed with parents." U$ I. x5 G& |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his5 Y& f9 j. Q4 V8 o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. |% O& B! y7 B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.3 ~- ^0 q: P( z+ N8 k
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ l& ]; [( q) J2 t! {2 s0 N* b/ swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, l2 }# A" Q8 R* m5 s# fwas high, he then read the product information' v4 A! x+ v  N* g; n' |" @# J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 c1 U1 ^* k' ?8 ?& ?6 c5 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. N7 _3 ~! t  ]3 M5 Y( ^  Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 v) P2 g( G$ e! l" mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* O9 h% o+ J2 ]2 G; X8 _
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 ^6 q2 m4 q7 z: C. P3 a" i
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. b3 t& W# ~2 G/ o& R& Vlaboratory to obtain the test.
! O1 h2 O% }0 h' @5 o$ B3 g* ]  A+ y4 xDiscussion0 K' e9 L: \; a+ q$ V1 A: S' {
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 v( A6 q4 j% j6 ]6 r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( Q6 b3 ^5 c! C' t& Y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, P/ v, P4 w3 a3 f& }5 Rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ T' K; _& z  R. ]. i( Bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) q2 w2 _3 z0 ^mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, _  Q3 S! ]. _$ _& p( O7 D% mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is2 ?6 }" x0 c6 z2 ?
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" U; r$ Z1 h! J  o: _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 s: t% v" Z( z- L& J' Q) H) [! }$ R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* l9 |% N+ }5 i" M$ q# C" b1 `! Q
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ V8 J; w( b4 O2 F
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
1 {5 t' r* E' j5 a' w/ Y  _9 t/ |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 l  D9 Z7 |, M7 L- q% k
gonadotropins.1,3/ {" Y9 m* g- S; J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# ?6 X! _3 t. R. j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; v1 m+ {- C) ~) u9 `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 ?- @2 v# v$ N) Z0 w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 C$ R% l. n. f  V" w1 X2 {) c0 P7 l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( v! |+ n1 I7 w; X7 v" E
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" s& ^& j& [) B. ^! {/ X1 C& k+ ?1 i! b
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, E5 I5 }0 u  a" Vpuberty in boys.3,4) p5 i/ N8 Q7 o- c+ A) B9 w$ w
The most common form of congenital adrenal
' i( b) R' }* |$ ?2 uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, Y% P3 l& R! k* Y. v% UThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* a* k% I. b6 E2 z& x" Y/ x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 U4 k- f  {- Han adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 o% E9 O* R2 v' K3 Q8 c% R
excess.1,3
& T) j+ O# F3 v! j) @' M! {* jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 Y2 R! @, [& [  c% w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ a/ B6 v7 h8 e2 k; Q; K+ E) T! \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* y4 [* ?6 T+ M& `& g8 S0 V! G( Hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known6 M: A8 J3 n7 n+ }5 w- f  F( h
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; L3 U: q2 B+ s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 u* K) n( W$ j7 t* P. D% \' }$ Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# {/ r+ v6 }! s. w+ H- f% X* }# ?including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ r4 N! e9 ?8 L! C- Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ W) u+ t4 C- o5 {% s/ Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 Y& H3 |8 j. y, f" p. u6 l( u" b5 W+ a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' o3 h9 B# r0 O" I: `0 F+ Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
/ T0 z/ a# h% ?' t2 X3 l! Lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ j5 x' u  X8 u- S$ ]7 f7 `
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ P, v: d' R& f. o2 U5 gmay have similar precocious puberty.39 K4 G6 ^1 R5 c  _# L+ Y
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
: O" t5 C4 L% p; J% h) Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; v. z, d. A3 L& [4 r% Tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- L, y2 l1 f( K/ ~& c/ J4 gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 f  ?6 L, s. B2 p+ J0 p: Ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 e9 H0 F/ r: u6 i' R* Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; ~, e8 `# C! b7 a/ c2 Fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" S: }4 W1 P( E, h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; I0 H/ e3 @0 L8 Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& H4 L6 i+ N+ {' X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  c5 h6 T% Y* A, }, n
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- n+ O4 d; a) i, R
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% q+ K7 q( L" @The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* T/ ~0 n% T8 ]$ I; gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 W7 p, f4 e- i8 w9 s* I' O4 P
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 Z5 c* @3 b+ w0 ^  |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' m) ]6 {+ M+ {/ |$ H5 V+ edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 k9 O/ i" r, t, s' J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 ~+ c+ N2 L; D7 G# d: h( K' d) {! eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" ~" N( x. c3 X$ }, U9 R6 ^. TDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: x1 K3 a& j9 scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to, G5 g( u$ K0 m: X
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.' N% R& J# W6 H+ w" a) ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% X; g6 R& i# C5 x5 ?
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 I9 y! \' ~- W& Z/ L5 r# Reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# J! k  e- W+ z2 n- v' ?
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& e3 P  A! |+ H! D) K5 Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! d9 H& x7 i/ B7 T$ H7 d( s5 eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ o1 O8 b( z4 I
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 b) ~* B; Y9 i$ `
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& k7 T, L  e& B( \$ K; Hterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ x1 l7 E' `# M- ?* e& n! eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
$ w' n" }  v! ?- n: \; ?exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. P2 t) C& F; O: M# S+ s
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
/ F. r0 @  O1 U+ v- h, L4 Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. r7 t/ u4 V& x6 H% Q  ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& \9 H& G0 T$ Q" l
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ y$ B! e0 ~: D4 t# L1 ?9 o6 e0 \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ g( Z, {& M2 k. @' {
early childhood on pubertal development and final' @* w) z1 U" L) D0 W% e" O1 V6 S
adult height are not fully known and always remain) @6 v7 ^. `% ~9 K+ A% `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 k/ l( F2 `5 N  P& A+ t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 ?( Q. |0 U, `: ^3 `; y$ R" ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% `% X0 J6 `7 `5 u
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. n; [6 U; Q! {& U
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" _+ K4 N9 x1 r! |There are conflicting reports and controversy9 w" q* H' C5 M, C; B+ l
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 o, }' c- K! m) i# i- ~. c5 I, \% j
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; B! U% |+ v& E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- v3 _" D1 v* {4 A6 [  ?. e" V9 xulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 w" J  N. v# k9 a# C  x
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- B1 _$ w+ S% {$ H- echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! B. r3 g3 H0 dpenile length in clinical studies.
7 f8 E3 i& _/ e- PNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is& Y7 g$ ]' ?% v
going to experience any of the untoward effects from# z, T5 W4 Y% ~, |' M+ O0 ?
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% P$ W+ [" ~! d( x  sthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: }8 w. C8 @4 D+ B) {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. [* ~9 R: n" L" {1 `: Cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 a  ]; m4 _; B. q5 `) E: Gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 y3 s. Q5 }+ i9 G- X% b" bheight will not be affected.
" j$ N2 h: m& ^! e% b% {5 W- NAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 W# }0 s. f0 e" `: _% _ability of androgen products in our society may* {& N* x+ \& e
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
; R% t! ]6 Y3 B: U/ z. Lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: D) U* `6 R  Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 m5 {7 b# d/ w4 M( G# B
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 @2 b+ M& K! i+ Z! p' x; K- v! W9 Fgel should be asked of the family members during
" N" O3 \( t6 B7 P* T8 H0 f' N* gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 ^/ h0 C; F6 Z' D3 h
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 p0 K" T) \0 v9 @1 [, Z! onosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' X& G  {9 U+ X" K. U# C4 d' [appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 p' |& x  ]! Y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 b) d1 q# O0 M4 G9 }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 `) T6 X/ S% `
investigation. The primary care physician should be
5 g$ [. _! c% N% Haware of this fact, because most of these children
* \+ _' W, A8 J! c) B9 }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 k  e2 c# u& N3 S( M, T/ C. x! LDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 Q* \: E4 ^# E. [$ m% u: owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ [: v: J; a9 E0 g
female child who might come in contact with some-8 e4 [, }3 h& J9 ~: F  _
one using any of these products.
; M- k5 i  }, g6 i7 S" z1 ]- {References
: f% i- O5 b' |" g* G$ s% i1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; Y# j! p. x& D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( E" D) g& ?; [. SEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;3 @5 d/ E: F+ I& b4 b, V4 w$ B
2002: 565-628.
: O& _( K: r+ @4 t( z$ M6 T2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 O  y  H5 L& a3 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
累計簽到:3 天
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
0 u! S, ]( s; r6 X
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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