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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# m& C  T- O3 ~$ N6 t/ L! c: E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 s  F: w8 \! Q. F; Y* ^Exposure to Testosterone
! {1 n+ c1 k  t0 YSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2& c2 H: S1 {8 B1 d# o
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 e" h. B. q. k" @1 @) X0 C( B/ v
Clinical Pediatrics
! C1 O4 x. c7 \; q4 W& |Volume 46 Number 6
/ _: p, n! q5 y! FJuly 2007 540-543
% J' G# q. z2 U1 R: P© 2007 Sage Publications/ q9 ]3 `) y6 }: t& \
10.1177/00099228062966514 P/ V. C  i3 B& p
http://clp.sagepub.com
# I7 _& B$ R% Vhosted at9 `. e, H/ l3 g: s% j
http://online.sagepub.com7 \9 b/ Q3 c. j1 z( l, `: I( {3 k
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,4 {0 ?/ q2 G8 h) U) v( E/ g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ T0 u. e; I! j# K! Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. E3 q4 o* E1 u# S! G# J2 othrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has. G" }" n# `; {* @% r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ J% z1 |0 J8 [) C- m. o" i% j
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: d& D! ]# Z+ ^# v5 d0 A' q7 A  S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
( r3 a, h, _4 `9 w+ W/ x5 i. d* Thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' ^2 B  Q5 a) _% I4 \0 `cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" I: c6 W" F( l4 j$ K! H5 \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  u4 S# `/ w/ z) d# n2 Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' t; N8 d5 B2 @) x. A+ U2 I' x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& T' l+ E/ I/ \8 ^" {. x4 H$ m$ w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 ?( k* o5 f5 t6 d5 q6 s+ y; w; n5 t
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  h4 w1 @9 C! z% F+ Q  M/ ?& i
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( S% ]) a! \9 k  I8 F
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) ^! C( ^" A; ~$ t+ `3 ^: Htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" d' V& }( x) r0 I! z3 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- ]9 p. X, P" p. Z, cliterature.4* c5 Y2 L6 E! e8 A
Patient Report
, r" D- M0 C% a$ GA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' P; u: b+ I; e% x6 ~. w( z/ {. {endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- V- m! e& R7 C+ E8 Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed. ^. l# t9 ~$ y9 m5 \
light colored pubic hair development when he was1 ^4 e* `5 [  N" b8 Q) @- W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 g& p/ W. E& O$ r. }( YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& g9 Q& ~6 ^( ^% T1 s' h/ B0 q2 qAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  J6 j) \/ w% h1 D5 z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ z: i" w* P/ I5 A) CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& J1 a7 H5 |" K/ Z& Re-mail: [email protected].9 x  R" B) @* s5 e# n& }: ?, L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ e' I9 ^  X' Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ y! W7 q' H1 U. n- d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child, r7 c( s6 X" ^! l% T& o7 W7 t& m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) U, o+ ~2 X7 x6 F" P, oa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
  R/ E0 C% }9 k+ G7 z+ M, C20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year& g+ i  ~! E% J  ?* K0 T; H! \
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 O# e$ [, H: m, ?5 Q. R/ A
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
# Y- N- _* k) M# rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; v! P7 h& l% z0 x$ l( _' ]- Swas age appropriate.' h1 d+ y6 R* ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 L7 T+ a7 ~! D4 E! q3 @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 c: \- C* ^* @  u3 ~7 v
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
& N* W2 K+ Y0 X* n$ Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 O/ Z3 }9 ?1 l+ `
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* ]; Z9 P: y/ ?2 K6 o7 k0 NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
3 v' v) A4 ~! m" N& lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& _# m; z  P# g( s- N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 q# @  K! a* S" d7 @) d
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% a# @& j4 V0 j8 \cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) N) l5 }7 D: L" A; P1 ftives. There were no siblings.
# n# o% C. R5 X! J% A2 A6 P# RPhysical Examination
! ]4 O! I7 Q9 G, j  q( t+ p! dThe physical examination revealed a very active,7 l) U8 W+ [5 c8 p+ h& h1 y2 R# U: ?' t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 {3 [; h6 l1 Z3 R; i& a' b' S
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- X5 v8 J3 v& c# x% M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
7 Q( @6 B# U, I& g+ G$ h1 q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: i/ a9 d$ Z7 Tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" D: N' ~: c. kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 c, W8 f+ g7 s, e2 W4 eThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" g- M! b9 m/ b4 N; w  menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 B4 N% d2 X" ]( t3 O3 f- Z1 S1 n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 _, o/ a4 x' |5 B: ?5 [0 h& \developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! {, X0 z* ~0 ~540
! x2 F* z) w6 d' K  T/ jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" S  x, ?# z& ~& Zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# a; b# ]1 L4 G; o. M' B; Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., P# J, ]/ p7 b) @
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
# h0 E% E7 c, o* B* Z. a( B  p# R# Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# d7 [' X! h- i  F% R
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% \# n8 ], g# P6 g1 D
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
7 p& _0 P& N- X3 l9 R, V& fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" K# `5 C& H1 t3 yof papilledema.. x( f3 _- S8 D$ p, T  ?: I
Laboratory Evaluation
& c7 E& H' s% vThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  t4 z# D3 W5 d  r9 H5 X" Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; u9 d$ d/ V6 _. ?4 U5 M8 Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) ^8 `% y+ f+ z* r$ ?
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  `! w) B, T$ ^& ?/ |- _1 W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% U+ i1 L3 {, d2 K* _4 R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 k* y" s6 j5 T$ ?- i' `& y1 K: qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ |& C, U* k3 @! N6 Surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( ~6 l3 ]% B, ~* P8 Y0 _) E1 z
within normal range for his age. The concentration4 c% K; W6 j( u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ o$ [" c9 w& o4 `* ]* Q
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) H1 L+ W9 {$ c( p+ s! U- a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% @8 i4 o% V' P6 v7 ]# Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),8 Q1 {7 m- h1 P& @0 \1 Y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" {4 E5 E- Z, ]
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 X8 S; ^% ~( r1 `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 w: X7 w# ~0 _/ ^* Q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( s6 n) `) w8 W* [0 x) O
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 ?: E: p# {  {9 S) e6 `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: S2 {$ l5 w1 [- L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ S0 a% A3 ~; h) zstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ M" n. K* M/ O: t; s6 Z5 w5 C' }concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, [. b" I& p7 X  s(prepubertal).( g: x9 n' f5 j5 m4 ~+ R- `; l& m
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 ]8 n8 ^9 x" e4 lresults and were informed that all of the tests were# I. L, m  v6 ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The4 k8 |7 c& L+ _. |6 c! D7 }, E
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% \. j' G& e: e" m% x8 H+ S( Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 Q1 r/ M8 N+ ~4 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.# A3 s/ o! b$ \, q# c
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) ?+ E' M7 g5 |- c% r2 r. V
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ R- [/ L# w) Z' b, e
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 Q5 B" g4 Z8 s# ^
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! L1 q2 I. @2 ?1 u7 t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 w# n0 t$ m7 j+ ]. L
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 O, f. W# {8 ?, }9 XmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 X& z% w% U  Q4 Q& n5 |! _+ {6 _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# p7 D; e4 L1 z+ J. l" o1 f# Z1 _ing frequent erections.! K; }+ _' m  c% u8 D, A
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& B0 o5 x# W( tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: C% b2 f; `2 [: B+ w( a$ C$ g1 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 U& b6 p+ p- c6 ^; G, P5 _4 }$ dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' p* c1 v* q* E7 h/ Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- h5 \$ e+ q& `ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 A  k0 }$ \1 g2 y5 e1 X
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 u9 j, B& b+ n" {- B8 ~) M
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ B8 k8 n) L# W
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 D; `6 ]& A6 Z1 b' X8 Ysecondary to depression.
  u- Y6 Z& T) X5 W$ L* g( aThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
# n3 f( W$ [" g! W* [The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 d# P2 L: j; P0 K! y9 Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. p) z6 E+ K. J- _' S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ ~, Y7 H8 L, i! W7 C" vThe father also admitted that after the phone call,6 b3 h3 F: K0 D& T' o* H7 ~4 Y1 }
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 _! ~3 U5 A9 c# pwas high, he then read the product information$ }- D1 ^9 o) @  t4 B
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
+ a4 @& l+ l( N- Q% o$ ~son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 Z  |9 ]' c1 p; `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' N+ d* G+ q9 Z" p
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 `4 h1 Y6 [  N2 |, ~' A/ o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( ~1 {1 p' W7 `5 q* b+ T8 \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 u9 s# A6 a) k( G6 Ulaboratory to obtain the test.2 {9 M4 F# Z5 V' d" n, g$ ?
Discussion
1 L& c0 S% L* X) m$ v/ `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 ]: X1 m( ?! R1 Dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) d$ z# J5 Q! i' [: Y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# e9 e! T' M9 O( v+ K+ ^it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( b* N, c8 c5 q1 T2 Hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 s* Y* b- W7 h% X1 G, Qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( n1 h# \9 R9 d9 g$ y, W" u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. b9 |1 f8 ?3 }% C
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 L5 a8 a1 a$ L8 X* S1 s; h: ]amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
8 j+ o* R* j4 t; \6 Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ I: i: d4 w! y3 x7 L5 [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! |( f- p  s0 j7 y' @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 C, ]# v5 p: Urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ L% a0 r  X5 P! t
gonadotropins.1,3
; o# }6 P& v: {5 \) l' U3 a% JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" w" H1 Y( U8 T" i! m; X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
/ A7 b4 c0 ]% q  s3 q0 q- E! z$ ?( ?androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or) q. r0 W$ t  J( f* ?5 z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 L* J7 _5 x4 w# B( dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 x8 _# X. j* z$ ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# z* _4 \- Q9 V( Q" q" l
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  e" P  f1 x" S9 i# bpuberty in boys.3,4
: F6 L0 a# o; J/ ^/ Z6 oThe most common form of congenital adrenal
7 I: f6 J# W% P/ M( u2 Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 _) m* x% z' {+ p# G* ?: q- X0 {* N4 `The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 ?5 \# A7 w  Q* r, y  z8 b2 P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 U, A  K! X4 u9 o5 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, f/ V2 d% e7 H+ H
excess.1,3
9 U) `' I' \: b, {/ |; @# j$ Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 u$ m# K% X. {% ~* c' A/ |& U542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- C/ ?9 V0 H3 |4 XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# W! S1 u# \' o4 p. ~9 c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; z9 J. k9 h: ], M. _2 t. K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 N; l+ O7 @7 ]# x$ P  w! B4 hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 C# m% b0 I1 Z. f- K$ Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# V9 x# [0 e0 d# i) ^* Qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: Y" S8 v8 E3 ^) |" ]
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder8 N" l. r' n$ Y. W- s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, Z$ l" n( `1 Z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& M- L+ P8 H* D$ o3 N
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( m7 ^4 Y5 O/ y$ p5 t$ F/ i' |; @( ]' Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 `& V. {/ [# i/ lmales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ W( {' c( e3 M) {# L/ c( Y3 emay have similar precocious puberty.3, u) \$ Y; V6 J, A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ G: K( r/ B  r6 G2 v6 Xsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- x2 S$ K/ i% s+ o/ o* e) v9 rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* Q4 J* U! e7 ~- y9 d6 [was in the differential diagnosis because his father. D9 w) f( k% X" h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. p" g1 t3 O7 p6 [; gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 s# V* {) d5 g- _9 ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 r+ a4 v4 W- L2 `
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 D6 ~1 A# _7 D/ o) F/ l5 q
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ ~! B& G2 W1 `) B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 F" R  D' l5 T2 L0 q& `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* Y/ |; d& v% c5 ?5 R% D$ Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 F$ @& u6 M. m$ E+ O3 @# M5 vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# ?0 t7 B! x* k. P
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! v6 z& j5 h2 q! t$ Q) T6 w0 e
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( V/ k, T5 `1 V7 Q% C4 Opearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& e8 @( A+ d% X- E5 b# ]0 R: O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! V) o3 I) o% ~, Y' R5 }3 h/ |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 n2 I; w6 L+ E$ F* }: Musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 L! f0 `& R7 `
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  u+ C* R& D5 R2 Wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 q- M$ N. {1 M; N6 M
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.' X1 I" p3 j! b6 a+ T; P
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 x( S' g! W+ f* e" Q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ U; ~9 b) t7 U/ n4 ?* R* c& {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  }+ U9 {" O2 D/ ^& [; T" l& Mpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ r0 ^7 A) ?  c% W& }tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 b* r8 |: K0 E/ C+ X) _; t8 K
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 T: G! q, d  ]2 p* N* }6 Bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 m: v9 ?* b7 B% ^  o5 [5 H# H. z% I
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 e: M" q7 A+ q- {& L  q! @
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ h/ j& \8 K7 n
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! h; _; ^7 l: T+ L! ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 \$ q! x% \$ a. I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" b, @9 a3 N) {: I+ ?# Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 Z: t( E3 J7 I/ l0 |% w* f4 A7 y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ I. W: C, @( E& |# f, S+ nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. O, j. e# x. H, B7 ]0 nThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& b( e' ^+ L* g- p) H, j5 _- `early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 M2 F. @. e) _2 n3 w2 r$ Aadult height are not fully known and always remain  t* f2 m9 r+ ~' `, c
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; o; i  {# c& C, E: K- Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some" N: Y$ ^( k( [! i0 h
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 ~* `+ Z3 p. q$ y+ p3 Ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ @5 E" @3 f. }% @7 j" Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,90 V/ e' S! i& g0 r
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! T; t& D2 m8 `) r# m7 x- iover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- |/ z  ~! \: Rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" w  u( y/ Q" \: f) K
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
: f  f0 }9 |. n: w) ?6 N" y( lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 L$ p  \+ V8 f' ?6 c! [Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. P* u: b+ G' x" N  k0 a9 H. B
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& z0 U& ]# y( @2 M2 p! o4 {; `
penile length in clinical studies./ M. i* A- t1 t; `  A6 x
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( h! @' R4 i! m: k3 c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 b1 F9 o0 Y' a9 J+ [testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 b6 L! w5 t5 x+ ~  Q% w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  q. p3 T  n$ V2 K: ?Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 w) p1 A3 o) x4 U1 y  ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 t. s, Y: b: ?7 }+ K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; s! o8 M& Q; ^+ f7 vheight will not be affected.
4 ^  P0 x5 H* d+ ?3 k8 A5 y6 _Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% ^8 j; G' q; R# _# B
ability of androgen products in our society may
; M4 j( Q$ m7 c# ^1 I' Iindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' F( P$ o: f, z. q0 echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  [$ z2 d- I* b( h8 wgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 ~$ y6 S3 x0 P4 m" A# m! x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# R4 m* F5 ?- ggel should be asked of the family members during
) p! R3 X( R3 D( G7 T9 [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( D1 n) R; C; z- x  ^4 \
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* ?) W5 w0 _3 H0 O' C
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, T* d. M' Q' \& i  M  X. `2 p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% _) ]5 I& S. M9 {0 n* U3 Z  y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& j6 ]$ c; u0 y  {; i# iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 i/ ^; \2 H) E9 u
investigation. The primary care physician should be  t1 G. ?3 M" [- u- s
aware of this fact, because most of these children
) L' O# u# r0 N) l$ {- x3 d) I5 R6 Zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' f, t- Y! D" T4 GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a6 l" r5 D3 {6 I# v; O0 Z2 {
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, D' b% w9 U4 @2 ?
female child who might come in contact with some-5 ^2 I- R. y+ {, ]4 x
one using any of these products.0 l; M( g! f$ G) K
References; b3 u8 s9 N/ g: B% R
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 D; E' P- b4 h* L0 {$ d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: q4 j* V1 G) ^8 F: AEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) _) D2 O: y# r$ k# F
2002: 565-628.6 r) m/ d6 a2 N. f8 `5 b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 A; f: @, N+ s6 Y" y- S% W9 o5 Q+ dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 J! \% r: L/ `5 }* y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ _9 b# z, k4 W- x( X# iExposure to Testosterone5 k! i$ i" A# m# q8 R8 T/ }
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ C% O4 Q* O" L1 c" B! R# W6 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# z2 P% ~$ p( e1 K, Q% Y1 pClinical Pediatrics4 u$ T: `3 J2 Z. L1 V$ A5 X
Volume 46 Number 6
6 `$ {. u" R6 c/ E8 [6 ^July 2007 540-543
; F* B5 f  o! u" I1 i2 k6 ?© 2007 Sage Publications( T% m0 a: i9 X4 H: x9 A
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 }( W# v; G9 @" W& C6 ohttp://clp.sagepub.com
% X; G7 S8 D3 C3 A- V* shosted at
, U$ ^( U; b6 b; m+ Y' whttp://online.sagepub.com
3 q  z* S# e7 j! }* {: V  _3 ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( \) x* V+ n& R2 t. N7 \- S# s
is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ P6 a1 M% V# E0 f0 s/ B
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 o& w; c& ^/ d" i2 b
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ b0 s/ {, t( \* @, L* Ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ ]/ [, k) |0 k2 N6 N9 ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' F% a8 H, y/ a! P. x# Y- e
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, i/ d5 P2 |# vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* f9 E- T2 `/ X( b/ \cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) I. b/ E0 U. @: g* r7 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 i9 j# N4 F% P; Cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
/ [2 N6 \$ c4 [  `. h) R! oment without testicular enlargement, which was due# A3 H9 h8 q# s8 a+ D4 `5 g  l" g
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 w  y3 |1 c4 k; ?, ^2 W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
  S. U5 Q0 L0 r" y3 H) omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 L& i8 `$ b2 y6 t$ W! `9 e' K" _; L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of- {4 T2 T- Y- v
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-% d" [. n6 u. A7 G; Y) T
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 j+ o# g7 o+ k7 W0 {' \# U$ a
literature.42 v' c# K% g% ^- ^- ~, m) p# U, {& E
Patient Report7 |. v5 b; r8 d; X1 |: I9 a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 N2 Q' T6 O: w. y; S9 B3 I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' }+ n9 p( T4 o5 F
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ o7 D5 T. @9 D* mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
" A$ p$ A: q  A7 v4 e7 i* ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* l4 w" G; W0 P
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! q  z' U# m2 |1 M7 m1 p2 G) j- |Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" g; f# ]7 G! y, r  FProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' o3 P2 ]' `; E$ U. i0 zMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 Z  k. Y5 m, r/ B, _+ }
e-mail: [email protected].3 f1 e& w, j- i4 T; c( u6 c  v7 M
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 `% s# q" U5 d! ~, z* D
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ \  K$ K% P- \' E4 ~, H4 Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- f% I" R' E7 v4 c/ N4 }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# K1 Z1 G! c/ u6 M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
2 O7 ~- g8 C# N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ C/ D; t+ z3 X$ zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 O  T* u$ Q" M7 A' Usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 g% V* @1 B' c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  s8 ^, N0 y* N. Pwas age appropriate.
5 m) s5 L2 H+ q* ?The family history was remarkable for the father,2 k( g, D( \* B% S) x. y/ O6 g) T- X
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! H% O8 @' K1 _* S  c( E, f1 O
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, z% `, b* o8 t4 E0 i2 o0 |7 k: A+ _; O
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ X. d4 i3 B, g2 F: X8 @  J, y- V( fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' ~) E4 u, J' t& {' t
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 v9 S) m7 @: ~6 S) W* m* S+ Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 R/ }5 l, c) _2 T! C5 bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. V4 f9 H6 Q+ j* C& U" f/ z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 V9 c& x; ^* d1 [$ ]
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; ^' u, F5 t; ~  O0 R
tives. There were no siblings.  J! K$ e# r1 X! m5 X
Physical Examination
1 T$ H" {2 |! \/ o2 b7 }3 ~' WThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 Y4 ]2 e0 {8 v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) O5 l) Y' K% f8 R/ x; v& N: T% \a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 `$ f6 Q) X6 j! ?7 W90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# V! T  h( b3 I# ~* ^2 K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ o3 P2 r2 d% v. B, F% Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 E; f$ B8 ?) b2 K0 v/ h- n6 w  L
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. X7 e+ l) i# Z  R/ ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 p( P/ z) A  e5 s; renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; \: E: Y; J( g; n, P& Y& ?
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 Q# @7 o3 V7 r) Q( y# A
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, i' u. s1 H$ V5 T
540+ `" j' A1 b  q6 a0 Z. @4 u1 m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ c" Z- j" R  Y2 e+ `2 `3 T7 d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 P  o+ k: V3 V
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 k, {  U* j  h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& y# {; S% R3 ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! n9 H8 J( s  X5 d! N: G
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.  U' y/ F5 z" V- v) ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: u; a. g& ^$ v$ w$ R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ r& E: W% ?. z5 Sof papilledema.
. r: }7 T: t. g7 L8 g3 W$ wLaboratory Evaluation  Q$ L( u: N% I
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by. R$ T* D0 f4 u: l# W% g
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: E, }4 y+ c6 f( L+ [' N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  m) w( }6 ^4 L3 f# qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 X' E8 o+ n. O- i6 J( xshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 O9 F: C* y5 n# o8 C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 @# R2 @* S' T2 \& U& h# v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ e+ E4 `) B7 E" v7 _2 E% {
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& j8 e: L; l( Ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration' Y- I  Q& X5 o
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: Z6 n6 t; l5 [8 @3 x  L% X% h(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( H# j9 C) h6 [& i5 i8 k1 |ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ P; d7 ]) z2 `$ D5 V
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. K9 M4 |, a2 ^+ T% n5 u4 {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ V  }: S: W( e$ Q* Z0 o! D
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 ]8 ~/ I! C7 z; N, ^5 X  C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ V! F9 B. _: a- |" v/ l
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 O( ?. w. b) b3 q( H' U& M
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ {. @% u. @3 }& a  ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 s; H" E- i& h+ z- o5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 w0 y; A4 x7 g1 d  C: Bstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' k6 Q# I1 B- E  F) t7 B& M
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; E+ c! R0 V, r, m( d! |(prepubertal).
% x- t; U2 ~+ y4 f$ M6 \The parents were notified about the laboratory5 g* A; A1 Z( G+ Z8 L
results and were informed that all of the tests were% W% O6 {: z5 ^4 Q9 s
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, o2 n0 p- q" @: ?, i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ d1 l6 Z6 Q0 b1 cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
' V4 t) n) u5 K5 Q  ?; s7 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 O! s* }3 O/ a1 L5 H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 R- N7 R% u4 z! ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# z' `& U; Z" _# ?% m& v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  D& R/ \2 K4 P1 o2 D2 v: p7 Dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  ]4 a5 A3 m1 b. m6 d; ]pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 `; W: [2 c- F
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
# o8 g5 I$ a9 b/ M8 F1 V1 }4 P- k7 s$ lmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 R" \3 B4 s; q" r6 G) eThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ C- O7 |7 b7 r2 F5 o
ing frequent erections.
2 I" F4 S& z* m, [6 gBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 U  U- g1 d. `6 P
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ o" J! A8 v, c- @! ^+ N; U) v  D: M
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' J+ x7 L* Z& M+ a7 `, L' HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 \; E/ \# o' k$ k% B4 \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  \% c& L* F4 D6 M3 y" `ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, G+ n& l& x& \1 u) J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  i# u2 V8 K! ^
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! Y( N. G+ B0 q. w2 `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido8 a. R' Y" x+ t3 j
secondary to depression.
. c; q; i" P% ?The child slept in the same bed with parents." R/ ]+ w' S% g5 l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 ~+ M& L! S+ Tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. Q* S9 |& i+ r1 N$ \
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 N1 d/ z& I8 B/ C* A1 B0 w+ B
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% C; m+ @# I* Z  x, y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 Q. X$ n8 @, z( _) S4 kwas high, he then read the product information$ P, b& H4 F+ v) [4 |" Q4 U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-. j  O3 N) L+ B7 W% `. a  s1 \
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 n. I! K& ?/ X4 j! kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ i' V' y" T+ ]: M8 A
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 R3 e4 y+ i; [: Y( i. P: Dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 f- N3 s* Q$ c4 D) `
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. `3 i! d8 Z# B2 G) olaboratory to obtain the test.) C- g- F( ~; o- N9 s
Discussion1 r* a& h: ~  {4 c: {9 i0 A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ b3 I* P6 m; z3 z: s6 Bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* p8 h# v6 r1 P* q  F) s
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, N$ h. z. h' a, z3 j' `it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" B6 o- Z  J0 O# Y( Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 V) a% P. f" R) z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 N, A/ m3 N( G4 Z  D7 ], ]
may have a central nervous system lesion that is; ~# u# Q8 }% i* S
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 Q3 @# K+ d# X6 Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ |$ \& t3 G6 B5 Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( A& J2 K5 [$ o5 _" Q& Dboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. \+ m* G) f8 |* Z: ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' T  \% L) {% |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& h% [. j) G/ l6 d" R
gonadotropins.1,3
4 G; F9 b+ F& m, o+ _Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: v, ?6 `- R4 }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ ]6 B* T( @9 P! Bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- a2 C: ^' X/ Y9 ?2 Xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 x) N& S& \8 zulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 b- R7 k+ P$ c. s1 o+ ?7 W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! e) Z# r1 Z  Iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 U* H' Y5 K; d( o: C0 o
puberty in boys.3,4
+ s% x5 G* J. S" u4 C- LThe most common form of congenital adrenal% g8 `6 n6 s/ n/ T# H. E& M
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 W2 h1 J9 p, }: ?2 `
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* D6 _% c" b0 W, \8 X. Jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 a6 j) @3 ]) q7 f
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 y' o7 f" D/ [7 Yexcess.1,3
, |6 O0 \- j  W% I8 v: lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& ^# ~8 ?4 c$ C( ~; W5 z: a
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& n7 b! |  |7 `, B0 O) sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, Q  j9 @$ J+ `" Z  H, {. d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) m3 Y$ p- f0 S7 l% `8 c' h* ?as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! k( c8 J) [; Y$ M  x& j5 bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: T3 k$ f& }- Z0 B3 Uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,' Q' L. x6 f/ H- c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; v. T# d- A( r/ _8 {1 c
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- L; B( V) j- G" G* Uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' l9 d! d% v9 P0 p- |7 W9 A/ J" hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 i- D0 ^7 T$ Y! k3 k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 j/ J9 R" q, d% Q* @8 c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only* P  C; h; y. X# g2 b6 s
males; therefore, other male members of the family5 E; {; L6 B4 B: n0 _2 y
may have similar precocious puberty.3' T+ w, u2 q9 R" R
In our patient, physical examination was incon-. I9 c2 U. v) w% Z+ C7 a0 T2 D
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 i" g6 J- U' h% [3 f/ a$ j8 v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ i$ S6 s( g5 ]4 L4 ]
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% w3 a2 u' p1 E$ ^* f$ z% M
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 `6 o* G. F0 l* |+ p. Stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the% k" r) \# W  s! ~9 x; @: N
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! f8 V! d, }7 N9 d( r2 \
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 @1 @# O3 Z* T7 q4 ]0 u" vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 }! C* ]8 v- n3 m2 N
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& O  J! W/ L/ H- S1 t
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; ?! M# ~, f/ J( O  v$ s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 }% S* t9 u" x9 w, u/ \7 Q6 k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& r; P! K' y1 \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because) @6 G% C5 @3 ]6 u3 l! [' v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  i, g" u) G% C) A: ~: A1 apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ G- A1 K$ w/ W& J1 a+ H0 h8 |
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 q2 j; J7 `/ _5 q$ D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 T5 m$ c9 B! h. o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. O/ n9 h8 h2 I, gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* _6 k0 H  _& e6 \+ mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 |  ]" v  x# u2 W0 V; d# u
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 U3 E+ X6 V8 Q, l3 mSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ a8 j! i+ }( u% s
baseline value in those females who were exposed to. d% ?* B+ N4 _6 d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ }3 U4 [) P# J/ Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) H' x7 D6 h: l# ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! v  o& O4 h' g0 d0 w# W/ Y* I+ @* d; UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) P5 j, k7 u0 S4 ~  P# X* g- q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ a" _4 [$ {( E7 [' f
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* H" d+ O0 s, W& M& t. P
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& z$ Q! T: A5 ?7 y* Z6 h0 nactive in young children exposed to testosterone  l3 r5 P  s; a5 Z3 Q% m* G
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: q- n1 u6 y; {! cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  Z/ g. Q$ [9 U  W% ]; N9 \+ Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( y/ b' y  d8 W6 ^6 P% B  I
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
. K; _% e! n" n8 _) x- hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 v- |* }" ]  X2 e7 R2 {  hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 |1 w; u+ H/ U6 J, A! ~
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; L  _4 E+ Q& T9 w9 I, s$ Jadult height are not fully known and always remain. |$ A6 x; p+ S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  h" u+ M0 L$ ^9 Rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( c) u8 g; s6 d+ ?# [* j3 Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 g; _- e" l/ f% T* b0 r" scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 C% t+ A! [. _% g; Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! M9 ?4 V6 F& \  qThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 \6 p7 Q$ x! ]) d$ w$ q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! B+ ^2 C9 U# o* O+ j3 h
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) n. x& P* o, ~, dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" M9 F9 b/ Z& y  l
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; I; D$ }% v: a- PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 ]$ X  q. \8 k. C4 c5 k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# l8 g7 p3 [6 i8 Y$ u/ Openile length in clinical studies.
1 y  f0 e9 H! L  P& P5 n; NNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* a$ M# U/ K" T* T" R
going to experience any of the untoward effects from" s" R0 t4 v4 Y' I) p
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# {2 T% E1 b1 x8 [the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ J( Y$ @- K% f$ R$ b7 ~0 D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* L1 ?, R6 b; F' W) T) P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' k: q. t" E3 R/ m% y  |) Othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ G+ q* Q. T9 @0 ^
height will not be affected.
8 y% c8 P2 c- XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: C8 z9 ]. K, O" Y" T
ability of androgen products in our society may0 J0 V4 l. m$ X8 C7 M
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ o9 F+ P9 N- u! k" ]3 I9 ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 t: S9 z8 {: w! ]( g; O" a8 ugen products must be considered and specific ques-: _2 e$ H5 P. k9 I/ v2 R0 M
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 M" w/ p6 ^: Y! v7 ]gel should be asked of the family members during0 O. c& _4 G3 x- C
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% e# X- m% o- E: P' q6 }8 ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( Q) @# u! \, x" ]% Q  D9 ?
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 X9 @- U3 D4 X/ S/ P( k( kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 |6 G0 _, w. ]) O. X- B1 H" Z) L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  m) q+ N# a9 }' y1 z* _: o& T
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& c5 ?" K3 j+ J# X+ _' ^& M
investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 v3 I% i9 @  S' l9 H) raware of this fact, because most of these children( s7 V4 E- L1 w. U! q; N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’  Q0 _0 I& Z# k0 z; z# {/ B# e
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 v* p2 H( @. l: \) e3 L
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& v1 O- ]- g$ H. y7 m% G- Ufemale child who might come in contact with some-
( x* b4 j7 X( O5 \! O  l( eone using any of these products.2 x* F; W! Y6 O" ^
References% b5 p) A+ C; X) U- {) d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" H7 I, g  r  y9 n
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 J5 m. V8 L# f6 p7 O; w
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 a5 v' s! B8 i
2002: 565-628.3 Y7 z1 ^' R$ Y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- Q  q/ \0 p3 U& }* a7 p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 z" ~$ o1 Z" b精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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