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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( \" n+ B+ F5 I" u ~6 B R2 t
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 Z `0 U9 ~& _) \Exposure to Testosterone
. _% F6 Z8 \$ T% @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
) M5 p& l8 Y8 y& F4 y# c; {and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) u0 \; A8 R) q% C: J7 e2 U1 z& \Clinical Pediatrics
( J" C) c" J2 h. XVolume 46 Number 6! H; k$ r5 w( t
July 2007 540-543$ e+ g/ [5 w! `3 R! Y4 J/ j
© 2007 Sage Publications
+ ]3 s/ F& H0 |% l( C: [2 h! Q10.1177/0009922806296651* @, `$ C/ T8 `/ V Q* _! x4 H
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 q8 F [; T9 Whosted at7 f0 d, b/ V2 S+ Q' e9 z' V( Y
http://online.sagepub.com+ w, v: @, r- p2 {) E1 @6 R9 l9 ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 c* L% Q0 H( E- s. b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, {5 P. ~' a4 K2 w: x4 W; Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. P8 t% |! W4 y: S$ o' T! ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 y- j; ?( G! H3 _+ h) ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 v, g" x: V0 }5 elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ L3 ~$ z3 F! d1 i+ _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' l. A2 e5 S0 o. v8 Z7 s% p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 k! p# B* o8 U, e6 ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 u b' M2 V# I$ Y2 J' ~$ W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ [4 l0 t; ~1 r. b- R
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- f8 j% K4 A3 S0 rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' B8 O; e% `' z0 X9 Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* Q2 ^1 U! f( ~5 w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( o+ Q* P7 d- ~# `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) r8 F6 z% K# m1 v3 v& ?child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 ~# U5 W& g3 ?3 k3 @& c* m) _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; U. d7 G' M& u! F0 m, T* A/ J/ [bly more common than the rare case report in the
! o3 @8 I8 h' Jliterature.4" }" x3 J2 n3 i; E2 ^0 O
Patient Report
1 I& W9 y R0 K2 E' V0 \) YA 16-month-old white child was referred to the% _+ k- \8 L- X0 E
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 S/ a! a. C4 \+ X0 O& e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed0 m# X! m% K6 u4 y' g( f
light colored pubic hair development when he was
A* \* `/ x9 Q/ D" GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 Q& k4 J% J+ ^5 {# l5 b5 U
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: }/ @# o! v9 m' Z- _Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& K+ k7 x8 d+ z% e7 p4 hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: o( a% u% ?$ U2 x# P/ AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& K z' Q+ _- p6 Q& r& Q1 Y3 B8 De-mail: [email protected].! d# W2 E+ T( \4 S* K
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' I- X+ _& ]. I# I. ^- z8 |
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
}' v3 ~" g; h: L) Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 E- C0 c. p2 A4 [# rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" Y. }: }( R; Z h p
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 c3 `; B! m8 W6 ?+ ~( [) }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! Q% r$ X/ i; w$ g& mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 Q I: c' W3 R7 l& \) b* k* I
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 t5 h+ k) T: c: F" }4 m4 p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 e$ O( ^. S* W0 O7 i8 A
was age appropriate.
4 h0 }) D9 q& T+ i7 C/ ^2 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,# I5 s0 \! h6 _4 \, b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 y( V7 G$ |; } Q+ J) f
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ y1 O0 @% ~2 W; X1 A5 kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 v7 ?6 v9 Y0 x* c6 q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: h) _9 i/ C6 l+ O- Z) P
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 j' S+ ^5 q1 }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) m# T% ]' S9 {6 O0 H# u
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( p( V' F% F+ n7 t7 J) f3 N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* g+ }1 E* j! L) ~4 R, C7 L; h
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& Q9 w8 ^$ ~3 G$ H+ s
tives. There were no siblings.. l; f3 r! S/ w6 j
Physical Examination
, m$ q4 r8 o/ E( v0 EThe physical examination revealed a very active,) B0 }+ v3 D4 g# L# p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 W# \8 A8 o7 q2 `4 J7 o }
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 C t" X, X; r0 [+ Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
7 g3 N/ g; C$ m( H5 @. q' G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; I* z5 W+ ]' {2 H# m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, j6 S H. r, rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! _* r T) A, L# k; u( u; z6 f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 n% F/ {" b# o; ^! F, E4 S
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ ^( s% \1 u5 G; O7 Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 \, w, S6 R, K) i6 `! J9 U4 Q+ H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 L& r5 p1 E* N" r. I540
1 h1 l% N$ T) D4 O2 U& ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! [, E7 ^; m1 I- g1 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' O: e4 Q9 w0 J9 W W: J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; q/ D. l/ O( E+ ?) U. PThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& J+ z) V* y' F2 \3 m. @oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 L. ^3 o( ]# ?, U# p0 a" M$ R
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ @! U& g5 d, d9 U; |3 d0 INeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 ^1 Z8 u3 q2 z, `* P1 _ Sbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. X* Q d1 y0 }( M( ]0 d
of papilledema.5 A0 g3 h0 N4 V3 O5 q! A
Laboratory Evaluation( M$ `+ d, x/ t+ {6 b% O' m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% a' F$ k. n" j0 ]
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" x: a1 ?: B% R: W) z
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( a. b! ^; k# S! x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 |1 Z% P7 Z T/ t) k' E5 j4 Jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% ?6 Y5 W, t N* D- rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ w( Z$ |8 r/ _7 }( \ MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 T, G: `( m( P1 U9 durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 X7 ]& T/ Q/ [ Y7 V
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 g* D9 m4 B5 n% H8 H1 {of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! b2 `6 T: q- E7 U: A$ n& c# N6 [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ G ]) U8 M" h6 C% Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* ~6 }" P0 {+ J! d0 X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," z" y- m& M$ g" S' {- \. m8 r/ H) D- o
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- O7 a; A" H) k. Z8 x* w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& ^- S/ }$ l5 |: X, mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ n& x+ J9 Z0 c5 A" R2 F2 htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ C+ \* X0 v. T/ gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 p2 z8 M: z8 I4 e+ d9 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: M! h" u6 B6 V* b9 y8 x# W2 @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' q: E w# z1 _2 k8 D. {. Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 r3 ?7 Q% t& ~7 T" z7 [" o: b
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 A; l0 e+ W' S8 R+ i$ o(prepubertal).
& `9 E7 v, K8 d4 o0 ` T0 QThe parents were notified about the laboratory, j7 L3 p7 G& K N5 I
results and were informed that all of the tests were$ H5 i) l& y6 L# [ G/ _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 Y6 r6 e3 p( W2 A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, V* \2 v# }8 q, I3 k1 wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how- O) b$ p( a- f+ `- ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( P' I. [ m. V
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" r: l# E: v; a5 q9 Vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 { _2 A B- f3 X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 p2 V L3 j" A8 A& y) q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: ]1 I$ U3 t+ M7 f) Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 s7 }! O6 ~ ?1 D; Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 Z+ g7 J2 I A$ v' O6 LmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 K `2 O& {- x" S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 z" w! g, K7 Z! E3 |4 V) N7 u+ [ing frequent erections.) Q9 ?0 W# r$ Q/ V3 B5 k6 G% z" T
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 \1 x7 ]( B# ?0 O {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 ` @1 c. W3 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. Z/ a7 C( b* Z8 B5 s$ F5 {Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 J8 q, N0 B6 r1 A' T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& B& \0 m. T' Y7 xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. j6 j* m' D& I2 j* l- V8 A" W% sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" m. l$ P$ p0 m, a* W5 B+ U+ b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 Q! u% b* h4 F4 Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido! s6 p( Y& Q) ~" w2 b
secondary to depression.8 Z! W8 I: O2 Y- X$ L6 {8 a0 @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.: U$ W3 Q# V7 z! h# p& a2 ?+ Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 f4 P5 k1 d2 D# _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% \. N3 A6 {( r# o7 w$ w( l) b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& G* g _ l& p4 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,; x; ]& T% V" C" L7 `6 \
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* ^% U" h. z+ o" X7 t$ |2 W3 h
was high, he then read the product information) G: G1 `; I+ R$ i' v4 |3 j5 f
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 y* B' \) S) A% ?' q: }' X, pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 z# w+ V+ g7 o4 T o8 m' Q! ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' ]( `7 a0 f! A/ c8 D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; } y W1 Z' d. v2 Q i& S3 Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 b5 \2 a! B+ J3 H8 Utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& J4 j) _/ h {/ x8 Q" K9 e
laboratory to obtain the test.% a* x& [0 ^6 h6 I) h
Discussion2 l, N7 j- r- L& v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 F' O; P9 t4 j7 X, c( Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! h1 T" o9 D% BPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: e$ A) Q3 n- K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( B" `$ ?% u1 R3 {0 E5 athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 H1 a+ F* _* O5 f \
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, ~: r; t; U' X) q2 m) @9 jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
3 N S& E: @8 s3 q, \responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# K6 @4 \3 U' A" A, ?1 zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, y; |( J( Y* K# M# F a2 h* z
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 {4 G! k: b, [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; i4 l$ j# a0 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ \1 ^; ^- @' t5 crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# P& f7 U1 ?" z5 F
gonadotropins.1,3. y4 N9 L3 O3 f; P. t
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 C5 c i( b3 h! q' f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 Z2 n" B/ A: o! X$ l/ Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" K2 C$ E# Y) _ c. Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. p$ G; k1 M1 c! L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% p* B- B& [; w s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# O+ q t5 P% i# M' S) p* e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( C# }. G2 b. K
puberty in boys.3,4
! y0 T: W8 T; Y' S0 E DThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, l: S0 `! G! d; f' ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 j/ M& U! j5 f- k+ X4 y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 N E) P7 ?& p$ zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, A0 x4 F* m& c8 l# n8 Wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 L: h+ z" H$ @$ @% g7 \7 Nexcess.1,3( ~# [0 Q s% |7 R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! m' H' U' N6 Q$ w# s
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% y, X& S3 B6 T" R9 L5 FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 \' w6 t! L$ }( V
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# C3 |* R# K7 g/ y! P/ n- bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 t7 k# F c' w$ X
very young age. The physical findings in these boys* d( }7 N0 r9 X* q) h7 ?
with this disorder are full pubertal development, w* O9 ^ u+ f8 _. c4 d4 R' O7 r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; @7 y6 V0 P" }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( z, N: a1 a: X
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# {9 e! m$ C, x- K \
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) r- i/ z7 D' e3 L- ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' Y" N4 @$ z7 T3 L: W2 Y/ s! m2 r/ Xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only* f1 H& U1 `: g+ `4 R" x( M; r: G
males; therefore, other male members of the family
# C: y# n: y# }) G( Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 }. T/ D' f5 R5 CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 e- m6 c9 I, Q" ]7 q/ T/ ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 f% U1 C7 {1 R7 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: i1 E3 }0 F: O8 g8 W8 wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father. t0 ]1 V' X# ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) ]6 D8 Q. t% O9 H' t, i a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* D/ d- `; X' `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg- ?! ]: S- M; v, ]& E: C5 a/ @3 r
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' x, Z7 D0 I& \; }5 A8 Z2 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) z2 v0 ~7 {9 J- Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* C6 c$ r# R/ K" j0 R( h' G
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 ?. E( L+ P r' x2 i% O& Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids., f, ~; x6 x; k5 {! q: ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 Q9 [% Z6 }7 F& y& D. B! [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. G ` g v( C7 a
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. K: M! y5 x0 U3 Y3 zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 V' u9 \/ t$ \! X! `- X" }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' A* n3 p- S/ ?+ X( [4 Y2 d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 r% J! s9 z3 o- G) s- z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( o, F% [7 y0 y _- CDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; b( F d% I+ y0 ^: Y) W- z9 Dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
d+ Q* t. a9 \, [, V- w" z5 @: ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.# j5 h" f6 G1 f8 x0 w
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 A; E4 }2 L0 N( |% z' D6 Bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to) I' x) Q: q [' H" a4 {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 }3 `' ? n) {1 f& g) z# {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ p, x4 C, a: y/ p7 P' Q' ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 m: D+ E$ ?. F6 T# g0 M' GOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 s6 z& C) S1 ?which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 ]$ U( o; Z! P' Zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 ]9 s2 c& W- d9 }9 I" tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, E( [6 D1 L) {' `6 W1 G6 b! ]( Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone3 ~* c9 N. ~% V% \
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- E1 k2 N) E7 y2 j+ ~9 q+ Ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, o/ d: Y1 P/ ~
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in$ u6 Q# U) B" p+ C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 e& F! m0 s# Y/ w1 Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: w A( _ ?! g! k8 wThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' C1 R! u z: S) learly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 ?% \9 X+ H2 e ~1 Gadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 _& i q! D: ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
T) a& O% S, j9 hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 y. O, Y* k# X% uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 N1 z1 h% c% B4 ]" M5 C8 u
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' s4 q1 ]! p( e3 }
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: ]8 n+ ]1 l7 yThere are conflicting reports and controversy
5 l$ E9 L' l+ o3 |3 Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 n0 b# E- G3 T6 k/ f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ m6 d3 A' R1 _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# r! A" W- I& f5 C( V) _ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: A' k/ b5 E& {! b5 I6 _ p
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ X ?+ j$ t" C. C% Echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) r0 ~8 |$ l' H7 r1 vpenile length in clinical studies.
4 f% k L# d9 @5 a6 ~' mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 u- Y' J" M* h# D! a% N2 k: L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from) E; G/ \& }/ K! {
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: e5 E- W$ h! Y( I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# L1 o8 x$ [+ Z" S2 o$ w* G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' x4 @; o4 R' ^% T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 n; l' O% }$ x3 `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 g4 `, y U4 c5 ~+ Jheight will not be affected.6 o3 q- p+ v+ l3 p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 A8 s& }9 N& \1 U1 d6 h8 @0 m w. d
ability of androgen products in our society may) a2 Z) N: ?/ T: F' U; o
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# z5 \+ y3 o' j4 W0 |: w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; F. x4 v8 G; I( c- X0 g* ]1 D/ Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-# A0 R2 z2 s0 |. \+ c. F! h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: t2 g2 j% d/ ?) }$ o* I6 h% lgel should be asked of the family members during( T% e$ g7 N2 t
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( M) S: x4 Z) j/ R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( M5 Z! C& s5 u3 b6 p R fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 ?) h( K* d( {6 X0 v! |/ b( A/ Aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 T$ K) I+ H) Nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* u& c. i4 l& n5 P3 S* bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! X2 F, _% f( o' linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
/ P* ~& q( p+ u4 Vaware of this fact, because most of these children
& b4 _, v2 C) S$ b1 hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" R6 f" k! b+ v; M/ @% dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ x8 E# z; P" j# ?2 zwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ X% a8 O% B' t% h6 v9 P8 afemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 Q7 ?/ M& ]6 [+ o% T* Hone using any of these products.3 k& R2 N. r& v+ G: Y; u0 x
References
+ _% z$ x* f3 E& U( A; F1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# L4 r! h& F: J- H- c) M. b. h, ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( d' c5 e) ^5 ]5 NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 v7 ]4 x; c; X2 L: r
2002: 565-628.; N# o' S+ ] v2 R: J" Z0 [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' I) K! u& V, u' w2 r8 S/ t" U3 \+ K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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