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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 V' y& _9 H6 e3 d# [Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
2 h+ q7 B2 L, T% Y, OExposure to Testosterone
4 I& ~; N/ I6 @' n3 e* i4 `' mSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 w6 V. ^2 v5 `1 Vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 d6 {. r; K# G$ {: T
Clinical Pediatrics: }6 ^3 r X( Y! i8 M1 b
Volume 46 Number 6
0 G* s7 L3 a) m% b! }& }7 QJuly 2007 540-5435 T% y" C4 V/ O
© 2007 Sage Publications: g% C5 q0 o' J$ ~) I4 Z
10.1177/0009922806296651
1 s6 Q* t* @6 [3 y2 mhttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ m. Z' k3 _- O# k7 Rhosted at/ \- J7 F. N" T
http://online.sagepub.com3 x% w. }( q* N. `/ r# a# y
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( N- }7 Y5 q2 ~/ B6 |& s1 j6 D8 E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ r7 g/ @: }% T T) \precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
* N& a# m4 i" c/ d7 t" tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: t4 i& D$ I% A3 }2 q- o- T: F+ ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system l1 \" Q+ l$ U+ P3 G q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
a" m" H7 p' u3 p; yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* M) D: a7 a# `, }: C. F
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% G3 K! B; ~2 n( rcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We l$ Y" z4 y- ~' h2 n7 K: `6 ]# g
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- z1 M5 Y" l U1 f3 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: Q/ s: E+ L+ |% H( K, Z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 O" v2 u8 ~6 K- I* p
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, Y3 ]% l1 D/ v7 I9 p3 w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-) G) A5 g/ H2 P; a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# Q4 f2 g8 A, u. P- Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! d2 a! _9 X6 @
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 K; y" k I/ {" y- `4 ]
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 D8 S/ x4 W; _) `: E+ Aliterature.4
9 B3 Y! b. F3 J3 D( Q, \. A& [$ }Patient Report0 i7 m- J. d! R5 ?% K, ]4 M
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 |0 o D$ _5 i8 Q$ k6 H) Z" [endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 K, \$ K5 k+ }% `" c: _* ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 ~/ q* e& G0 a: I- ` Blight colored pubic hair development when he was2 P+ y4 p4 d, D/ l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, \! r8 @+ [9 b" b
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) g5 i" v* f5 U$ P' Y; n
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) }2 U3 u g" c7 |$ b+ {Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of B4 |2 f0 U# s [
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; F/ R3 w8 K, n" V0 G
e-mail: [email protected].4 ~+ w3 s. t) O8 g4 s4 k+ h6 w X6 R
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 c1 L* M5 V; L* @* C+ q: D. tdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 [. {5 j! b4 X3 b% T2 e3 u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* {5 A# t* I4 @7 m5 G
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 n" L0 q4 l' T
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* r7 K$ Y4 V: d3 I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 j) V7 d, C/ A: h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with* L9 v" h$ i1 E, g
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, }4 ], L, e( J" v4 Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( D6 B# Q3 {2 nwas age appropriate.
( V7 d$ M( H* V+ VThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 S) |3 a; O; ~. [, @" cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) }3 k$ d8 }# x* [# r5 B
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
5 G3 X8 V Z0 m z# n( u4 c: Y5 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( Y' O6 \" Y2 A: o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' Z0 C* g) O% h- B; a: ]6 r( z
The father denied taking any other medication. The, [& V( L. A3 K# c
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 b- ^% U' d; T- f: v Lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- ]' ~+ Y+ s+ A& H" D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ [% c9 g$ s4 X2 ^cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( |4 ^# o6 f# r8 V, M i( f! C
tives. There were no siblings.( c9 v1 ]1 j! C' h- Z3 E ?! Q0 w
Physical Examination% @& J7 a& G9 i4 B( u% F
The physical examination revealed a very active," L1 i! `' {7 \ c8 W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* J! N, S5 x& ?* \& c/ [4 Da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: X1 h5 c/ }( \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 c% j4 s) Z& I% w9 C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 m/ @7 r' J; z" s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* v# w9 ^3 y: j @* j7 O
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- ?4 E" B' L: H6 z$ m- Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 Q1 l! z* Q! ]8 a" c' J
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# [' l) x5 D* @" ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. z$ _# O5 J4 ~0 {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 A6 A; u. D) q; M+ O8 ^, @: |
540/ Z1 N0 t# ]1 V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" H2 G- V( ~- f. @1 l1 Jthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 d6 b' w5 ~5 j1 E) M' @; J- S0 {testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- z! ]+ P0 Y6 O& P6 ^! E
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; _4 v$ M" n/ \4 n9 N% boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" O7 G5 _1 \1 B8 aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% r1 K% E8 w) W8 y0 {& U* s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* c2 ]3 m" r7 M& @; I5 \9 @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# b) C5 `' W! }& b: f* a* vof papilledema.
5 w! N' b; k8 U# j' I: ZLaboratory Evaluation
# |% E/ @" T" P' n) w5 d# D9 f Y/ [The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 Q* ]: |9 p' G8 P2 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. {: j/ I9 D- D7 c; n/ k
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* N% o* i5 I# o+ z+ c. ^9 H \" ?karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 f" I5 `! z* X7 Hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 _, U& U9 T* f6 n- `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 u( ~! H$ G$ R, nThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ G: t! |, c: M4 X( l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
, u6 `2 g0 o' M/ d, swithin normal range for his age. The concentration& \( W9 B; o3 v9 n5 ^! {
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# W. Y) n; w" Z# E M% O
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 b7 d, u+ ?5 l; T5 Z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 v o! q. D! J
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),# U" ]( h0 T3 K2 o# f8 L+ j
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* h9 b2 G& }6 w# N: h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), L p- L) R: a+ f2 i( k. J
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& }, V, B1 |" Q/ v$ h, K3 c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 U% b6 u/ U V3 [
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, b5 J, }+ n) w% }+ zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: _) V5 `- f2 p* i) P- @ G9 Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
K6 d P3 l5 v; B) k4 e/ xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 k2 @( h3 {; oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' l& v( `4 @8 D8 r1 ^
(prepubertal).
7 t4 a" I. t. Y" @9 TThe parents were notified about the laboratory" e; P. @- j% o S
results and were informed that all of the tests were& U D1 {0 C# w" r; P- z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 [7 {. E5 r R | Dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 T# t, \! ]* r' V; E9 A4 h5 F+ P; K0 ]obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 X2 ]2 u2 H& K% j- f& s1 [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* Q/ [: `( G% O+ k: K/ Q, qPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) F& a* p, s9 V; T* x
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 r# m e. q! x* t3 h3 G l' w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 ~) h& B! H& L' Gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( t6 _+ [# C% K/ n# Q1 s$ vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. S& E% n6 _- r& i; S! S+ _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- ]; L* e( c# z) N2 p7 VmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: t" @; K! V) W" D) F5 E/ t
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) v" o W2 t; A1 z2 \- a
ing frequent erections.6 B: F# g: U' \8 F" O3 y3 \
Both parents were again questioned about use of3 A7 F! \6 p4 T- T! C
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) V8 U. P$ R! K6 w$ Jthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 B, ^6 y; v7 y- c+ F3 k0 |Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 R1 V0 y' N! {$ B- e
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 S7 \1 q. u+ l* ~! c5 m" King over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. A' j% y. J3 Ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ z j7 r$ e* t* n& x8 |to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" t, K. ?( j5 L( ~) u: p1 J+ T
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 w: U& r' s, _+ l9 T% r. Ysecondary to depression.+ g# T5 M: m4 b" A3 n' v. K
The child slept in the same bed with parents.! u+ @* |5 ~% H& T% p7 q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- z4 u' k E* E! c( Tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% g3 {0 t- [5 i( c0 J- {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 o, A3 s. ^1 g
The father also admitted that after the phone call,/ |+ U2 P# Y; W5 K0 T! b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' O* `; t. W' a. L
was high, he then read the product information
+ E- ^7 t( m. a) O A+ e Lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 W/ I; A6 @6 g, o! ?; t8 json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( x9 E7 K0 g8 }8 G9 B. idecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 _' x |7 U# N) g# i2 l% M$ mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ J4 V% y) O0 c' T6 ]% L
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( k2 J4 L5 }. i2 v% B" x6 j: N, utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 h( b% N0 O9 m- i9 z& _+ Xlaboratory to obtain the test.
. G, p2 d7 ?! A, [' EDiscussion/ j E! e/ D- @, o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 N: a, Q# d4 z: g
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 q* n# H: A2 m* ^6 x6 MPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, @* d$ H0 Z6 v- xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) N+ T. t5 ~7 l4 s( [) C6 p) Wthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' |; w. F' X! t5 v" dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. Z! h% l. Y1 i9 z& t% c8 J# t
may have a central nervous system lesion that is5 r* @7 |$ x5 s$ m
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; `0 u+ C& O, o5 T. {8 H) `+ m1 Oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ C& k6 o1 g; c% t5 o% L2 q" W) v
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" o9 S m j* `, ~boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 p, G; E7 n4 X/ S" Cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, J5 Y* g+ p: C% a# X
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 P7 n) l( j4 z; G- ]% lgonadotropins.1,3
3 u' d) e. A: F% E3 H2 V" M' fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" R+ D( }) V. Z9 {6 p' f! Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 v- F: n# e, F) F$ Candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 q0 i v% M& W2 eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 C9 x1 J! H6 n3 b& c) mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" G5 |' x* }) x y* V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ C* B3 S( |' W! q$ I, _0 J% E; s% n' [2 @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 V2 x% b" f4 o# mpuberty in boys.3,4( s: m, u+ [, w. K3 W' y' u! L
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 `+ _0 D. \2 H# W0 a& e( a
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 I! }- |2 q" A* s9 }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, h% X; D( H+ S0 n
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: g# x4 c+ U8 `" Z* Kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 Y& E4 e( ], v% ?5 l, B0 @
excess.1,3- U# r" C6 t7 ?( I1 \8 m) Q& f0 y6 \+ v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 F$ I6 g# e1 q0 v. K, `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007! ^/ E0 I6 ~7 F1 u5 ^8 G4 t) f. \
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# Y* ~' a+ I) o0 [5 `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. {+ o! f" e: T& i7 p9 ~5 l: `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 n6 z* L2 ?0 a/ _2 B9 }: ^
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 P! b3 ]7 V9 {& G s. `2 g1 p( @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,$ v$ u; E* E; K7 k8 i c: ^' `! N g
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 v. r, T% H. _8 Xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! {! _" M) v' ?; b+ Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: C" [4 v. }; U8 c6 apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 Q. ~* h8 R) R5 N- ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
" q8 I+ D( V4 e/ E2 O0 `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# Q9 S; ^. e! `# ^0 k; _
males; therefore, other male members of the family; i* }/ [1 Y2 E- ~& g4 n2 [4 T
may have similar precocious puberty.3: p+ Y$ f: a( ]2 G
In our patient, physical examination was incon- |8 n6 c- m; S+ Q# v
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: x9 V$ Z- C" T7 J4 ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 W3 [* v! J4 r! Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
. M% ]; b. O5 g: z. V+ zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 L0 X. e! _. f2 m# M0 x7 a! t1 S. Itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the2 h/ _3 F8 U) Q+ ] O
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& X# C" g# o! X2 b3 ^
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 @- S+ g- f9 \; h0 o$ z. f" b6 K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 z2 h5 _. m# x) H7 C1 ]) P" M# I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
0 X3 P) X5 t- b! Y) x7 E' R& }0 sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 m+ u& } p3 p" _& t O4 _9 Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 I/ l$ t z$ G! gThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& _# I4 N* o' c/ R. osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 l6 q3 l3 e* g$ s6 A B) |: ~. H7 j
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" \6 Z. V& `- V! Z2 g X$ epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 w+ A% s" x: l
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
\4 M& v7 n) I. T T/ Iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( q4 d% t' i2 ~& Ousing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’* Z' C5 v) A' M+ `. P3 X" ?
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 r/ @. K1 O$ o/ ^4 p
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 M2 L: R$ M5 j1 x# B) Q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
C% |# V$ J# N% |# \* @/ }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 p3 y, L: e9 r3 F+ ~2 u2 Fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
) S( u4 B, G6 o2 U, J, `& o& _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" j$ P h B' ^" D% f, E; rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 J' F& S C* D# J
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# Z0 `" C3 G+ f: {$ s, UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# A, j. L6 X7 J$ I% Z6 M7 M
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 E* l) b- j! Z W [
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) K& a; d' y( Xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 F7 R* \: Z1 P7 l3 `
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 A3 L# I- {! n# aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 Q! p0 T! b1 g" A: G' o0 E
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ W/ A- G5 u8 e0 X1 }
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 I' ~4 |4 S Q. o, n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 V8 Q8 h; D6 y4 l7 w7 C1 z5 Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
. V* z7 _5 S% I0 r9 n( O: i; uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, P( l. p: d* w) G: L
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% G. r) w9 [0 j. _9 V7 P* R) X8 P1 u# @7 dadult height are not fully known and always remain8 j' a& b1 v6 S" J0 i& L4 |# Q, ^% Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 D+ s" I3 C7 x1 ^! K3 j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 K9 u" i0 i5 v: O2 K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ q: s0 Y* q1 X" D, X" ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 Q. @2 q9 _+ u5 N! |- `- K! Y+ o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ k- c/ i" ~3 \9 {# P4 o. S# m
There are conflicting reports and controversy) v* M8 ?5 ]2 W& ~9 k
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, c. u! y* j9 K. m# L2 n* mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 `9 s- w9 u4 o4 ~8 aadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; c* o$ ^. B/ e, b4 C
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. W- S9 G/ N, j* \+ R4 U
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) n7 y+ q8 H ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ y9 i6 T# j9 I! E: |' {6 t4 _ h6 Hpenile length in clinical studies.
' ^, H4 C2 J% H3 ], W5 ?2 zNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* {1 z( Y1 U% W& y5 @% o$ x/ cgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 I9 C+ g/ ^3 p- W& W1 r- l; j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: O; U, i; \3 f
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; G" P3 V5 [( ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 a% h2 m+ P+ t8 Y& h3 @diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ f$ Z$ j, l$ b# P1 ^% G
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) H+ `& b5 Z; z, Y/ s3 X, _# p
height will not be affected.* w5 Y! z2 W8 F( Q, I/ G8 a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! T3 T# e$ f- H& ?- I: sability of androgen products in our society may
7 m/ K% O4 Q# U; {1 G5 }indeed cause more virilization in male or female) o+ C6 @6 [0 k( `3 W/ D$ Y
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) l( C* ]% M) y$ }
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 H6 G0 @; D+ q3 E* r( f% h2 f* ~+ f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: v: N" F, ~# u+ {. d1 \gel should be asked of the family members during
; Y/ p% n4 f8 T8 A2 u7 z9 \- Cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 @6 w8 D6 I/ V/ rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& J5 d$ N D& {) P4 O# }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, f3 H2 n& a. t! u4 e1 k5 O" Lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 Q" O. p* Z! k7 k" |history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; Z* P: @ @; p* rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# \( N# H' H3 d6 }
investigation. The primary care physician should be
9 f- Q- T2 S6 s9 Q; `aware of this fact, because most of these children1 o; O# U1 Y" C j0 E
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# g& w) P5 `3 j/ ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! C9 `# @- J6 {2 x8 Z% Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 p3 ~. I k- y3 q8 Hfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 W F7 {5 }- n7 w
one using any of these products.+ `- Q( F$ x0 ]
References4 |) P8 j# U9 x
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 w, K. [8 |& i! C& D8 A+ G/ P: I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 U' ?4 W( ?+ e: q5 C, h& d
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 ]4 L* _, E2 w; f2002: 565-628.
/ s9 I0 q: U9 ^( ^+ D2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( E8 c7 j- Z; Y' a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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