- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: x$ a. g" [, @1 M. {4 B
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 v/ r4 h( a" U9 NExposure to Testosterone4 }" e& c8 a) W) E( N# I- F5 L
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2' w$ V' V% B) K7 J7 t: e
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% z/ ~, d; o7 K8 _! N: Z) pClinical Pediatrics
* a! C- H) h. R$ N" X2 G5 gVolume 46 Number 6 b; P2 ]# ?" R
July 2007 540-543: p! I/ N' q) e, _- S) `+ `: V G$ V
© 2007 Sage Publications
4 D `2 B4 B+ K" u& B6 i, B2 Z10.1177/0009922806296651( }! } R' q. ]2 Z5 O
http://clp.sagepub.com
* v. u7 o6 C' o3 L% ~/ Mhosted at
1 N- v y! z6 A- q* w' fhttp://online.sagepub.com- x8 k! M6 |5 C' F
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,4 Z$ T+ e# B/ K! s* h- Y
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 i- b/ n+ A/ Yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 g* C7 G; u9 z# t0 P0 G" D# ^2 R
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* G9 q" z/ S7 P3 T
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 u5 i9 J& @; N$ p' D1 u" j8 p
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! v7 E7 n: _' G/ t& w- rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: E9 D4 x$ z; r" `% V P0 j
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' z# a2 W1 {# W3 z2 O9 Icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 Z+ B7 m3 `1 P& ~, `report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: f4 n; j8 }" j, ?- penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop- I: h3 t+ O$ M$ ?
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: G3 R0 Q' K6 \, u* @ T. D
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" K M8 K3 q4 T. g# y6 i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 u/ u7 g3 ^% s4 A5 \9 W
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 l! q% \" Q8 V5 b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of- N7 ?' S. q: m$ Q2 g- s+ y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 v5 T2 }' J3 x5 I z
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 W v+ d' q7 e4 F, W. A8 G" o
literature.4
5 {/ U4 y7 L+ \; H) [Patient Report
, ^+ V4 C% A" b8 Y- |0 MA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ `$ l" P9 ]2 c1 P: ~4 bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
_5 y* e2 o @of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 K, R) G, l" T1 }' [
light colored pubic hair development when he was- x# o4 s3 s; a1 Z( ]: T
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ `- u4 D/ n2 h; s$ e5 t4 F% n. g0 S$ @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- k/ W5 K$ v8 k' U0 W, z3 I7 L. jAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 M+ a$ `1 h$ o0 Y, ]! l
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 V) i J/ g x: q7 W+ L AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. O; T- L: ^4 u; s0 @& q' L0 We-mail: [email protected].
1 A2 m2 A' X! d7 m2 N" Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" W- o" b2 H+ g: ~# N. m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 X$ p; z( {3 H- o! xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 G6 G% f" f; r! [# bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* i3 S( y5 y3 O. P! {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 W- ?) v2 ]' W4 K- M* y$ b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ g: R8 t3 S5 u' m9 A- kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 H* }$ n- H$ E% }) ^+ x, `0 E; w8 \solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) B9 {# V. d" _3 ?) r" z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! T8 p/ ~9 R$ j( L4 L
was age appropriate.4 [2 z1 m* w" s! ]7 M! Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 k# w# H/ y* y1 l! Y5 D& C0 Z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 d4 v$ ?% e. F2 @0 V
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 Y3 {) e6 V) F0 k$ Z. k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ a+ O# G6 Z: [# s9 V- G2 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, [2 D) E& }9 I1 DThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 T I. ^' |. j6 C8 F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" u" N( Y! L& \was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. K2 y& H3 R/ X) U" o# k6 W. v5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ Q9 @, S) n( a9 ~
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( G& @0 z* n5 g
tives. There were no siblings.5 D1 V# L c: P$ d+ ]! I
Physical Examination
, p( e) e! q7 p- u SThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 N+ y Z1 I5 a, x. @playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' u# O. E h8 O: H6 t$ z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, M6 ~0 q6 h0 F0 h0 s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 _) X' E: y, H$ m
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# Z, Z) ?5 w+ P( Q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" A' P! d7 v: m7 D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 l9 p5 l5 u3 r1 h3 k6 f7 G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ U+ w! z# B, j+ w
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% N6 _* U% N& o8 q, C0 H
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 ~: h6 [6 v) E# f9 R/ ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ i: Q+ f t" A0 n7 c8 s6 x
540+ e, x5 X0 Y! \8 \+ u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 i3 _! O- s3 u9 N
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( z2 c4 j- i- m4 Jtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: o' @; ?' Q1 U$ k: J; a+ VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ G: ^$ ?- t; x9 V) u) N( I$ m, uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" v$ ~+ g/ d) \& S9 R9 j4 u
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ x* d/ J- B3 L$ k# D' XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2++ @* W' r5 U$ ]. g2 j( Y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 X+ M0 C0 Q8 v8 U {
of papilledema.
7 S1 v9 Q* A& b4 B0 G( v% }Laboratory Evaluation/ P, D( D) U1 _* ~* N7 b9 e4 O
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 \4 M+ Z9 h: ~7 e: a# h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-- m8 n- X8 T/ y1 x- P# r/ x6 A
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) q" g9 \ E" p- tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' m% Z- A8 y# `5 O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 Q: i, M+ I$ J7 O8 P. M/ g
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
/ F) s7 F6 A) v) N! O' OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! j/ a7 c6 R8 u9 R) y5 A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 k4 T: f F2 K5 e7 C# f& ^within normal range for his age. The concentration) r, e$ F) T# U# |: a2 t1 I3 i* c5 m
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: g. E" p: E0 ?1 c9 h
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& u( y9 {' j- {" D6 u; Wng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) ^* u6 O6 J) j* }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 C2 B& Y: x( w4 p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* `3 ]& i- M/ p1 E5 v, \ u- s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 m6 W9 H. y6 F; Z( dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 z# X$ `, q6 C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
0 T4 d U8 L. {) v& Etestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ K# T) w. K1 E
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) G3 u5 d3 i- ~$ U9 @ M! B1 K; ^/ q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 o/ D; q( F9 C4 d7 y6 Jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
b& y* G% M: |6 ]& dconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ O% C1 G% @5 u
(prepubertal).
! d2 Q* P6 d& J. ]& P8 CThe parents were notified about the laboratory: ~' }! G' ~, Q9 b4 J1 P- v( p8 ^
results and were informed that all of the tests were! X4 { t' q7 _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ m+ a" Y6 P; t6 w( Q- I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* }& C1 Z! Q' @5 @: Y& Zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 R! i7 J0 C7 j2 H# q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 \' C& a8 j) KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
* x! g% s5 N' u5 Y$ A Jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* ^ U/ ~' u7 l- W. }7 d$ a2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
^- \) ]5 M1 ?6 Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ O9 d0 L4 C" V2 t2 V4 e! hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 L4 r' L' B7 |9 U3 Z8 Uthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2 I' t4 s! F1 k) U) E8 Y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 d0 T* v7 H( g( n0 g6 c
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 B" v$ Q% O' O! P) Z% F. z1 v
ing frequent erections.
$ ^& s4 R+ Y) M6 v! y" o" B4 R7 sBoth parents were again questioned about use of& E& a# H9 I/ F2 K
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 e: t1 E8 I! R" g; {# [the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" C% A; H: R2 Z- [8 l* L* s
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, L# s8 w3 W( X! U4 T/ g7 w; O, P0 s
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 n" F: h0 N0 F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) a) w: u1 K% \: R5 l6 V3 v0 S2 H! X4 Ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) l6 N3 i! O, `& I/ k; }1 o/ `* @
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 ~" U7 o- S$ b$ M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ R. t7 }" G' [7 T) fsecondary to depression.8 \/ y) N1 m+ o! N
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) ~8 c* n: Q1 F/ ~1 V, }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 Q7 h4 ^4 `7 a, ]
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! ]0 T" E2 p: [# q. H& Snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 k6 X: A' _) e/ F. J, G, G- z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 Y( O( {4 z {0 W5 t7 e0 S
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: g! `# K' W) n5 |* G& F+ Cwas high, he then read the product information; }% P- ?4 Y7 Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, v& u: o0 T, y( Q- y* g8 json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 Z8 c4 p) p9 {decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 A; P* D. Q. J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 z) q4 v" n/ ?4 |1 c3 u' `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ Q+ ]3 h a; \. Y1 d. Y2 t
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 x# b' n8 p+ E' j6 mlaboratory to obtain the test.* Y6 B8 o( l5 F" }0 I4 W6 x
Discussion
! ?; D( ?, p! aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! }8 ?! |( l2 m. a/ \sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; R9 [7 c. E/ c: ?* U& M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when U; ~8 }# q6 q" T3 U* H l
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, @7 O/ `5 r1 Jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 C8 k3 o0 K! T8 z$ v- Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP" Y7 M. i, n" M. m: O% T: Z( V0 l& F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% J/ P( W1 Z8 cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ l1 m/ Z, j- p( R7 k1 J! Q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" P5 O1 v3 |4 w- f# d
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( [+ _! e) i% l. O! ?4 P3 l. W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ x( s+ e6 i5 k& K8 [6 S
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U, u# s* D( yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: b8 I8 Q! _5 g) i2 ]- i* P3 ^
gonadotropins.1,3
1 L/ [. V* y& d/ e9 D% k' dGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 A' G: h, j, v- z, K5 M& ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) r9 a/ A, t1 b1 i
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 \1 N0 W0 X) c. ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# s# A. P' i0 e; e" K/ V
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* j8 p' K* `2 s2 e: w
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ h: m! Z' E" v5 Z( `5 X. v9 _# J$ Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" I: |' C8 h' k: V
puberty in boys.3,4
' V! j9 I) R7 \: pThe most common form of congenital adrenal
. a$ N& X* \7 v, lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- Y8 X2 u' H/ c/ X$ j4 Q: V2 rThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 E. t4 ^6 n! R# @4 p2 S0 jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ l% z7 n; d8 G6 g- ^8 v8 ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: c# S& Z1 o& [0 ]$ }$ [excess.1,34 K/ z }% s4 Q- f# x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 `! }3 a' q# _/ ^% |542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' z( c5 P3 E; x2 P0 P7 o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) R; A8 \% U9 x' a
independent precocious puberty, which is also known4 c# Z! T0 q1 Z8 d; K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 Y: m3 f" }; V: W) nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys8 i+ E7 m% Q- l* O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,2 _/ r& i/ H, ?0 w1 l, S' ~
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 j2 z. a7 }) O! y# Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! Y+ q$ ?5 Z$ ?: V* D3 z% J% A
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 A9 q. \; y6 C7 r I) H
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 r0 e3 p" R$ p6 ^4 ^2 q: X1 Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked& c7 M1 X& h5 i5 C9 w+ d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 F6 L7 E- i0 A* w+ E
males; therefore, other male members of the family
" d, o! R/ n6 n. ]; Qmay have similar precocious puberty.3! b" N# i3 x$ i; D3 j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-: b {0 x$ V. ^% Q# [9 s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) [, k; r. Q* ^( _9 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' R" d; M+ r5 s \0 m a7 u; Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
& q- ~ B1 W- V$ Istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* l' v0 S. U: I% b! B1 Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the, W3 m# n( c5 v7 d! W* Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! d6 g( J' @: N; m; _9 fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- z6 A+ y& Y5 b; [: N/ b& ibiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 v% s( _. Q! F% i( Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 [9 P7 Y- e( b( W" k% N2 wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 I1 n1 \, w, [: P/ N* m$ H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
$ |% B# g1 A. k$ M4 JThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 i; z3 C- F( B, {suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 J+ B. v$ b' m! B1 n( J5 G* @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-% w1 w4 Q8 B1 q2 X) e( I: c; {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( e A; e' T+ C$ {! G o& Y. vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
\' m, A7 i4 k9 U: }! t" [, hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* p6 p, l2 h& c& ]+ e, D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 }9 `% A: I2 @1 {; m- h" T! s
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 A1 ^% o# v/ Q) t/ H- \$ `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 U# E( e8 K7 A; l2 ]& Q6 |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 d+ \: U) A- R% n9 Y9 T
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 I5 [$ T; G9 E2 a5 Y0 Y
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 k6 [8 U# y# P9 n W1 teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
6 m% x& \7 x* J+ @/ Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 X! z. _; \8 B5 }, ?
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) }. _2 k- Q/ O. }Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& Z( }. ^* M" ?1 k% K
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 r8 P7 }, P1 u& F3 b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* C# L, s: [! D: O: }& B
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" e' O2 ?3 I* ]) i y* {
active in young children exposed to testosterone: F" y$ h. x/ g9 v
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 s9 ]8 u4 g Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: x! B" L$ n! k. ^& J3 }: e& zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
x- L$ n3 ]% k! G, Z9 b' e% g4 c, Pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and8 a& B7 v0 y* n& ^% p
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# W6 S; y5 ], N; `
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
t) @ N* c; X2 kearly childhood on pubertal development and final' u* n; E$ v. b0 ~: G1 }' u
adult height are not fully known and always remain" y3 r& a# M) H( ` b; |
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" E; y# Q# U# D- bterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: F4 O" ]0 e0 k; aacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 d- U9 Y9 D* O5 r) e; T) O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 a1 T6 |2 l- L! |3 l% S( [decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 f( a2 W( P6 L% Q7 g# c
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 s% t, ^4 [: |; A% w
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ ]7 _) U: }1 n6 X' m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 c- {. b# K9 cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ @/ P, l. B/ Y$ V. X6 e# i- m0 Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% M2 J, I6 U" |2 x& G5 X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ M8 L5 Q; g! e# o& P+ W
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 C5 f9 l& j/ `! E* G
penile length in clinical studies.2 B- r- U8 g, h7 }0 a5 t8 e
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# u' ]+ ?7 e4 H9 Jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 _& X p2 K# o9 Y1 U, Y# I6 b! x9 U _4 Mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* }; {: S) J/ ^1 M" o' j& `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& d9 f0 k$ U( ^8 Z+ ?9 _) EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
! _/ }- `4 a7 _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 L* ^" k) D+ `' `" f. g4 D
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% H% k- W( h1 M8 }) z4 R
height will not be affected.2 y7 c' G7 m" Y- a1 r, o0 I
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-0 U1 H7 F+ E9 l6 o3 K
ability of androgen products in our society may
. a5 S4 z6 c8 E7 P) Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 u) B2 }$ v5 T f% Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 M5 G+ n3 F. V6 O9 V# Fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" ~! C5 s" x6 \- i9 ~tioning about the use of a testosterone product or i" {, s4 Z/ Q; [; w" e, t' h
gel should be asked of the family members during/ [, g+ |! ^! c# x6 U
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-" x6 K- R$ J4 z8 B% A( i7 H
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( K# L3 f& D0 r# M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 @" B# K1 }2 y. d. c! U2 l" N# G. F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ w; p) R. ^ N" ^) Z- e1 Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 J6 U5 e! W; E0 w4 m2 l4 \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. _' k0 I3 f8 ~7 U% E6 _investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 u. h3 K6 y% L, ~; B" L4 V: k+ waware of this fact, because most of these children
" {, t& j/ ~8 Q) C4 P8 a0 D/ k# Qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 t0 a' K/ a. P' _; ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 E5 p1 H9 L, t6 `0 x) R
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or r2 C6 K( x) H9 N
female child who might come in contact with some-
& d/ H4 ], d: Z6 B5 G1 Qone using any of these products.
0 o) a7 t! {* oReferences
- q" [6 a, z p: K4 @/ ]$ s1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' K: H N/ M$ v! G/ t* aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
9 X6 g0 b9 g! `* s |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: @1 M0 f- i' t! R: v' t" w
2002: 565-628.
2 j; U$ \% C+ T( [5 n/ ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" `& \+ y3 E! ?) g* V: v/ V% Q# ^
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|