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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* c3 E4 d1 ^1 ^* F0 M% V% SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical$ S% z4 ?) h- T* n3 V! G
Exposure to Testosterone4 O8 U8 r' P! g) r: r4 }: V" z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; u5 i- G5 s0 o/ d5 J9 f( @+ s. b! i3 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ H( L( o* D9 IClinical Pediatrics9 O, K1 e2 F; F6 I, \& C$ Y8 `6 G7 K* i
Volume 46 Number 6( r- h; I: O2 J1 ~
July 2007 540-543
% H2 F6 N9 S t2 Z% ?3 O# D# {© 2007 Sage Publications
8 a4 S k0 d, f10.1177/0009922806296651# W3 m% ~+ m( s& H
http://clp.sagepub.com3 g! J9 \# i# a6 Z" K8 i! w
hosted at8 k7 R4 t2 h& S, |4 v' C
http://online.sagepub.com# P, M @/ q6 G2 ?* V7 Q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 v* ], x: p8 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, I4 h1 ^6 `6 y; y# r# R* w( \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ o; `5 n2 l1 h% C! Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% M8 R: [& a0 x0 u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, b8 o1 M, Y8 Z) P3 olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 K j b; p' `* X" M1 H) g
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) ~' {/ Z! |6 [( n- _hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 G! V% G* r J$ N! o3 M8 A2 u; b
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) ~' Q" Z# O1 M0 z7 p% ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ m" D% x) ]' n" V2 J0 y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 k `! D8 ?! G0 N" kment without testicular enlargement, which was due8 n& I8 i! o$ }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ o$ [) Q( `1 R6 m- a
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' Y' }# C# x: }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ g+ }- c& U4 b5 i6 _. Dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* X6 K g S! _1 _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 s5 @3 }! M' K% ~& X
bly more common than the rare case report in the
t! }: F$ i W/ P- i0 M6 T; x2 {literature.4% q' I( j& t a6 P7 s
Patient Report
& R% H+ d' o M2 u: ~9 s ]! {4 EA 16-month-old white child was referred to the E" g: f x2 C w7 N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( a- ~8 }3 s! V9 h h; e" k7 ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 x0 e( G/ @) k! E+ T
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' c1 }3 g+ l8 `/ R3 rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) O6 Y6 E- z, E" o0 y& h1 r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" F% b9 ~( Y! i$ O2 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) v: Y' |1 t6 ]1 L7 H/ f0 XProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% d: a4 \+ ~! A) s/ ?& YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 f! U! A" J: I1 E2 d1 J$ Ne-mail: [email protected].) r$ N5 a N% w" @0 d2 F6 e
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, w$ g- |' a; n' Q o9 kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- ]$ S/ Q7 V7 B* p) N, N/ b- P$ x' y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: t! J" S5 g# e0 s. r& `5 W
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" b9 z7 d7 |& k& _$ g# l) R" K2 J
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" W. J; o( ~5 u Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 Q7 G3 Y% t7 G; {- vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) y$ h+ D: N, m. l1 xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 C( N& q+ C% I" s/ p; W! L, O$ Uand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( H- x9 c+ K( C+ e# c% W6 Twas age appropriate." ^" s6 Z _; N' I# [( `% {
The family history was remarkable for the father, i# X! U! ?; h/ R7 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ d$ L( R9 [- G& \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! G. ?/ [& d5 T( J3 a1 {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& ^5 D% q" \# o l N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 n, H- i, A" {8 X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 E4 ?1 l& {* n" Pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" M% `. n" j& v) j- A) \$ Xwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 Q+ x4 s4 H% n0 I: M8 {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. i* s$ C& c! m& U6 T4 {2 o' _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 A! p* S" [. L; T9 V0 X+ Vtives. There were no siblings.
9 w: j" P% n: |) d9 APhysical Examination8 T" \; k+ B4 I- n j5 r0 {
The physical examination revealed a very active,* F, s1 S' J/ `% J8 h; h
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
0 Z4 g" X' x8 l8 f4 [/ c- la blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" {6 z8 K T; A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 A" x8 ~ |3 R- v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 |! W9 u4 ?: E* G2 T4 n, ]velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( Q" K0 I9 G( K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ C9 x+ m! J% U3 ?( n) zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
8 A; G7 d! B+ Z/ }) E. senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( |6 D4 k0 L# b" F4 P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 o$ o, m' ?" ]* p! Y5 t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- o: ]" r, c" `: M9 q
540& e/ W% Z0 I5 a0 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ K7 P: O, D8 N8 n4 K
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ D; a( A1 E7 u) t' L' r9 T
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ t, ^ @5 @, w! X) ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. w; k) b" @' S% _& q, |0 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& X$ R6 O$ P$ c5 Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 L( A7 v" K& v& n) z) S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. p5 L3 Q9 T0 Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 J3 _ Y: p$ _) u* e3 j2 M
of papilledema.
: n0 M6 R% v& @8 g8 X9 o" C8 xLaboratory Evaluation" X8 d: B) O+ Y$ y2 x, D" F
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, N# S6 L# Q" s/ t
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, @8 A2 x, V, z5 b; d/ c; ?: blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 a5 t. R/ @$ U$ x f2 o: U7 f
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test J6 e1 V+ Z4 F$ B. l: a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* S4 t+ ?5 Y, S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) T7 m% o1 U$ a. B3 n$ ~# TThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ E6 W) n* T. p3 m- G [; G
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
E8 y# q: C0 \* Q# Z# Swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! p2 l% w( L4 M1 j) Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: j d- R' U+ `1 g(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 I9 A3 J% O( Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; U+ W# _1 A" c" {. Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( j& _+ b! C, g! k2 Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' D6 z/ n" g" q/ r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 o( g8 B- H# a3 O4 Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) O, Z! {3 s5 O1 P% L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ }% @% I; `& f5 @6 Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ {. u( r8 A l3 c0 \& Q2 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- w; B! p) p. h" a4 Y- P& C8 X$ ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. G9 s: t$ D0 x1 o$ J( r0 d/ nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 U/ b8 g; f, P6 U5 [6 z; k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- L% K' M9 `4 F* J. o8 d' K: X(prepubertal).- x; U% |$ A4 D. A7 y: u& z& D+ k
The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 C5 D' i8 n. _$ g- v# Y5 Y( eresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, w6 T+ Q% C0 ?& y8 nnormal except the testosterone level was high. The) X( Q% X1 X$ h* [/ o( q% o! g. {7 ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 F9 W. X8 V# I. f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: _2 q2 {" k( y$ U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 N0 H( ~( ^4 ?: e1 P0 w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the! L1 e# D: h9 R* l9 ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ B1 k ~! [7 k4 T- L' @ h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 F/ P* T, R& m8 E: sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- T2 X4 k' e' Q) ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 Y2 Y1 e/ V8 Q1 Z. @. nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ q; y( l4 [3 P6 r, ^4 `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ S6 a1 |4 @3 A* |) v1 b& u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ d4 R( _( h" Y g
ing frequent erections.
; t T) L) F3 MBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# j) a* l1 U) H `' E9 n# Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 X$ t' g% H. k9 e' \6 n
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ ]! A- G, F. j" o
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* e4 V/ h3 e4 @) C, _6 i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 {$ N, B" Q: C4 k
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 x) G N, E9 I" R0 F3 V$ Ca year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& g) n2 v0 z, x0 x% J& z1 U6 Tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 g; [+ j7 X: r5 p3 b$ y8 d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' L) r# Q# E/ \" d2 K
secondary to depression.% L- @9 A, z6 t c) J: P2 q$ i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
% n- C, ^$ R/ j3 c. EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ y( J3 ]# n3 {( }, N3 r- achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ a h" \! t2 `8 d8 m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' @9 i/ ^1 v! G& T+ c( ]7 O- N% V" K
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 p* O7 T+ _8 ?" v hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
e( P3 b# o2 c! [ u6 Ewas high, he then read the product information9 o6 g3 ]3 x/ N: m
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ _/ y$ s4 c: e5 N1 v) b, y/ g7 t" Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 x) _& L" i- k/ x/ L. U+ Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 Y9 k; I5 @( P& A8 I% zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ ]% q f1 R; q/ m1 J. F) T( U0 v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! O& f; p/ m6 `test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 ]% E" P/ y$ |7 s( ?1 }0 J
laboratory to obtain the test. X6 ?0 i# R" t8 e7 q4 {
Discussion% A; A0 p# K0 I# l2 f% v/ R
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ N/ @8 U' D+ V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* c4 s6 a& x' U: X3 k* R1 A. EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- A# a$ R6 h) [# D' }8 mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* t5 K( Y8 H* [2 X4 e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 S) O* ]$ \0 p4 [9 w0 ~mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 C# N0 r# {+ Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( R; ?+ v5 u0 k5 A/ Y9 O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- B+ @: Q% }- Damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# @6 t3 S- Y Z" rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: i( q: s9 S# {9 y5 ~# G; F
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 c% i9 v5 q- W9 e6 W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ f9 a$ @6 Q0 i6 ^/ Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ o) l8 _' t" K
gonadotropins.1,3
1 m, s& Z# Z) D: |. i& Z. c6 p, l8 E: y9 rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. \. b. C& w3 k9 f! |; m/ n' w/ u1 _
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* V" Y! K( t; K
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 [! P8 U* b1 O3 M ^exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ m1 W! G0 ^8 S5 R* C, z. g% lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 w2 ~6 a$ F2 n" S# V C
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" I5 S4 b# H4 Q. }( dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 h% c# Y3 r' A, S
puberty in boys.3,4
: z6 d, ~0 D6 U# nThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 @( o$ e' }4 {& O* Y. `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 D! G. E/ R U F
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: R+ i2 H' [; t! h# E9 v- f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" f$ [- d! a0 x y, C; nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 u0 h% ^# B8 \, Hexcess.1,3
- {+ S( a. r/ P, k* zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 g4 Y/ f" N9 ~8 P( {+ z: t542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: }% ?' e6 t" xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ x; p& p6 W( ]% u9 E0 y! _* ^4 _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 m; O: T: i7 e8 P
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: ~/ V ~ e }3 G; p" bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& h: s. k; @4 R7 @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. C$ O# B+ h$ z" f4 f- e1 Q
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# H) ~6 S" d" e0 V# V r1 N3 xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( U/ s$ T2 I7 @4 z7 n$ M: t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 h2 ?) H7 q0 r/ epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ u( K0 |1 A+ O; k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: Y9 g( c# Z" ]9 x) z' a$ eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ x9 Y$ N' F$ Q, zmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 i& W; z; l$ T3 M. a# Z% u
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" l3 I) A# K) t) {. u/ pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 U! f2 F9 z' r& W6 W d0 Q& R/ ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& x$ p! I! I* }8 l% K" N bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- J5 u' ]1 w, s$ t* L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 H1 K# `2 {* \7 [! o- [7 Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* A. z: j' E+ m! _7 ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- `* N% @; t% R: v$ q, W. ~beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 Y0 Y( x& H; h1 S* Q$ P3 Q& Zative initial history of androgen exposure, our( q- T: T0 A; [# E# K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 [ z6 B- c1 C7 l2 q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: i8 y/ O7 N9 V& I$ X6 @& D! g
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" I! p0 `/ o; e# l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ r7 H% j6 U" q& L$ S3 c
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 ], [: i9 I R% \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 S" E# v4 e5 a3 [0 z$ Y$ I2 V0 `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 W0 g4 z( E/ q0 J! E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: o! }9 {4 E, P4 E- vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
f& y5 t) p/ r( K ?: jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& E0 o2 n# J# _9 ~
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& q( g/ h6 ~- a& |$ _# pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 m/ A8 q$ b+ t! acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 Z7 k5 s2 U( S3 Zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 J, s: y8 ?( {# M, |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' |6 j+ M, H6 Q9 t8 A2 i0 @4 p! ]3 G
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, h1 P V+ F+ [8 ~" k: B$ e+ e1 Z, ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 }- Q- A( z# u* K$ l1 R$ opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 g1 g5 v) ~4 H2 ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 X$ Z6 d& ?: M" eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' c" I6 Z$ G& y& Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that, ?8 ~" Z& v9 S: k4 Q# }( p7 q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: g) N0 l b6 j, C" s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 e4 L0 O/ J( qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
J0 E" |; b' V7 Zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' F( n( _8 j# ?; J* o4 p) [
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 B2 Q1 j1 o( M9 H d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* r: X0 d w/ T4 e2 y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, g- q- ^# y1 v; A! K: Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ [! f, l' t, O: @% MThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) e$ `/ k9 W! c, D/ A! }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( q4 J: \% ^0 z6 U7 b. |% badult height are not fully known and always remain
) V X9 I u. A+ V7 Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ K7 y: q Z& }+ k5 nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) _6 ?* L c; }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! z" l: }- K8 B& ?- q9 Jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' S+ F6 `) P9 e, C% w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. @4 e, d9 O9 Q0 q4 ~: }There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 W0 F7 w# q* W* kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 j8 g* ^2 V! {9 N+ K+ ?4 Ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Y9 s# N; o' u! V6 j
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ _8 Z8 h: V$ R7 F& c' o) C: S F$ N
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 n8 T" l2 _ a/ Y: I1 X/ P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 ~6 ?' k1 H. gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% J" Q; A) W8 R9 `0 i0 I3 H; L* Rpenile length in clinical studies.6 R! I/ h7 H6 g4 @2 E, M' w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 j1 X; W4 v U$ o; A8 _going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% l+ u- Y, Y5 P! _9 Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& l6 v6 S+ m' o3 n1 M9 ^; Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 @ x# W' z/ @$ r; t, jAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' B8 _7 o5 C# n+ G- ? [diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& V3 J+ {6 [4 n* r: B. h3 C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. h2 p' i) K! E# @- [
height will not be affected.3 `& s8 f$ K& K0 X' |
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 r* B% F- |; ~ M( ]ability of androgen products in our society may" B) i7 U9 R. @& f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 J' A6 ^* S+ }$ m7 R- m& m8 S$ K$ dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. D- ~$ M) u7 a- e vgen products must be considered and specific ques-% e6 M9 |1 o, C- @- T
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ A `8 p" k% _! W
gel should be asked of the family members during$ D( U7 x- t7 L: n0 ?7 q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. L9 Z5 y7 N% ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ L0 ~" G" q( o ~0 U. f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ t- b6 j# {. ?: P. m0 \5 z& X
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a q6 T- C$ M9 e2 [' x. P3 V. K
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- P: T" b* f% `# j+ Z; c& r; `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* B2 Q2 \/ H8 |, i$ k. b3 f ^
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ G% |9 f% R' g! Y1 m/ s. \
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 o/ Y6 a$ w1 u4 j( z3 K( }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# b3 r/ | _* ^) w- R2 m6 e
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a) _" _5 Q; \/ p( B7 s" i% D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( Q' ]: P1 s7 m- f* U2 v3 b: _0 Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-. O% T3 N- c; }
one using any of these products.
& b' V6 \1 `+ T4 \( C) u# j4 jReferences, R8 E# c( d" n: L. q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% V. m* R9 K" h% E$ }& m1 wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" b" K5 J' ~$ w+ k' I. REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- \6 Y1 W# B. T9 k1 c- J7 a- |6 L
2002: 565-628.% N" e/ [* \1 z# t! B4 J* A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 _4 U7 Z) y, j! F# J/ A/ N; l3 l4 Ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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