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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 L7 Z# j2 D! {! l) I) T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% m" W4 h' q) {; v7 @& v* t6 K
Exposure to Testosterone
$ d1 G- q3 o3 ^) m( nSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& `8 S: }3 S; |6 w. u  g0 g/ aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 P  B9 Y! Q. L# O
Clinical Pediatrics1 t; w, Y1 S; h9 J+ }
Volume 46 Number 6
5 Z& A! g8 i3 f8 M- g7 dJuly 2007 540-543
6 }8 i9 b4 ?$ e% K% |) r© 2007 Sage Publications
, v0 m3 ?4 I* P7 O' q10.1177/0009922806296651$ K; H7 B. y- ?+ ]  c
http://clp.sagepub.com# a: G" e1 T) j. r" j$ d. p) ^+ E
hosted at
/ m/ z- d7 ^2 M) V7 E) G4 [http://online.sagepub.com/ x  s7 U1 J* h$ h) A& `( ~
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' ^- o# _6 q" K5 u6 v# }9 J3 W, i, h4 w
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( c4 s2 K7 f: T/ j1 b  o
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated& e) `# Y0 `8 @  R$ \/ G! c8 |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- d0 s6 o" u% }! ]
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system, K' ?, b4 j" `
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! {  {7 C. v8 ]! F$ ?/ ?# Y$ J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 ^5 O) c9 m8 ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ }( _, R5 Z4 [! L& H& kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' L- a) l; \! b7 y  r4 ^
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 S$ ~0 Y2 X6 d! S+ \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. S( g- @, K6 Y. D
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 _* d3 m) C2 J* Y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 f" N! O9 v8 s& M; Jthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& ]5 O# l& U; m! u' J- r: mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 u) @/ x( T# X7 Pchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ p( a/ |4 X. z1 k- B1 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" c) l) F+ W7 N. {
bly more common than the rare case report in the) C7 o: a+ g$ m: I0 f& q2 T
literature.43 f2 @: m& H; ]$ D7 V  z5 r
Patient Report) d. a2 z) Y8 L2 v% p% A/ C# ?) @3 d
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! H7 ^; p* Q! Q6 y( xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 S& t5 I: H& q+ |8 E
of early sexual development. His mother noticed2 A* a# r. F- w' v0 C. _
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( I2 S4 R- N0 C1 f2 K1 gFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. J0 B- k( [1 r  g  U& e5 U+ T
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 ]7 e6 C3 ]" f
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, |$ M0 \# u+ S5 C! c; ^) a7 r, }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 z) ^/ i, N* o+ K$ |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; B2 k5 T2 D! X9 W9 M! C# x2 ^e-mail: [email protected].5 Z7 a9 M6 A1 X, D( M( d; a
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ R7 x9 G2 n3 [, m, g9 W9 W
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 Z! N% J' m" z; H  S9 ^8 Kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# J0 Q7 v3 d! o  @was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; D$ `; r/ y( }- ]: h( d9 n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! l: E0 [% U( d- ^! J' x
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! `1 S2 G; K5 h7 \of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* E. m! x  d2 A, q8 b1 Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; s' s8 f% F. n+ r3 Z2 p  T" Aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 w- z1 f/ {* b! ]
was age appropriate.
. d/ {3 z* h- l/ iThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 o: N; t: }" [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 k% n  ~6 r* F7 @. G$ a
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 b6 i) \, k( t) Aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
6 t+ m( B( E7 j6 G& J" n) k+ T$ j+ pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 p, W& F* a1 Z9 D/ E" P
The father denied taking any other medication. The  J& `3 X1 I! v& p3 \% I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# t- u3 v, j4 _: O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) \# i4 c& U6 Y5 c5 y! ~8 |7 i" \* i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 l& T" U4 p( _: F" ^; xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-5 ]8 I( \+ n) H
tives. There were no siblings.% l: c: \- y, `* p* t
Physical Examination
$ A' v3 `! r+ mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
/ L8 d5 k3 k- o0 l1 h. hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) e, [/ T1 @$ W) B: N* Z( J$ }5 j  O7 W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) q! _2 m  T: ]* v$ h8 F9 M. }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! D8 X( {3 X$ k; ^; d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
* ^5 ~! I( \  Y$ `/ }$ u6 J! uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ H9 p( k0 q( ]0 o% @( ?, ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., l% w$ c3 o( ]3 J7 R- e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' m8 ]- |8 D4 m; M* @. n; xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 j" j+ b8 V4 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 b- c+ y5 W. d6 n4 k# D+ Mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
  v* l/ f. v6 X$ }- w1 B+ ?5408 Y- m2 h3 q+ w1 g2 n' Q. E- s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 w4 E: m5 P" sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% ~* b7 N. U  W8 \
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., a; \. ^+ Q. A) f$ q- O% I
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. _7 t+ j. J2 A5 F/ j! N+ ]5 P0 J3 Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 W1 Z8 p: g' }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots." M, N$ E1 B- A. x6 E3 A$ f6 j5 Z3 V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# w" X/ \7 v$ l( |2 m+ M3 tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ A6 {1 ~: Y4 M5 w/ t
of papilledema.
1 i( v, L7 l% D7 T8 LLaboratory Evaluation8 d/ m- X: L7 V. I3 J/ U+ {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% F, k( \' E0 e. j$ e2 Fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
$ ?& E7 y' l4 Q$ i0 e9 alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 Y7 y8 e9 o9 E- t' R" _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 k/ T+ Q8 f" G& r  S
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 N# ~5 a( [6 ^3 W
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  o3 q/ m! L8 Q$ K/ kThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- y% t% g- h+ K" f# a/ jurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 t: }  y/ `! p. }within normal range for his age. The concentration
; I2 q. r0 H" `* d) J8 P, K: h9 Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 b4 K0 w0 S& i: n# |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: y  u3 T$ C- E4 m, yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, ^/ x4 A6 |. p# q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
4 p- D$ q/ j/ P& |; O2 q- P' f5 _desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 ^0 A* I5 G# n. b% I49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 f4 W' d8 S1 K$ @4 u. J
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' Y8 V: r5 j  ~1 l0 J5 Wtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' p1 y5 v& O' Z5 a, _5 F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 d, r4 w# o: p1 i3 \# Z% Q8 K! }  oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( C0 r& ]0 s' Z: l
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ y" P  v' t+ b) t
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, u+ N* S" v; {4 j$ h  S
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 ]# f5 H+ \8 j6 S& J' A(prepubertal).. e0 C5 i* Y) @+ x# F2 {. ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory
/ C/ m: u  p6 }9 T6 ]results and were informed that all of the tests were7 a0 A% O+ q7 g  C6 s  I/ a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The4 u1 H6 m" d- I4 W$ P  q+ O+ M2 {6 E
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 k0 f/ n8 o5 S8 ?( n$ t% iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* {6 N4 l7 a" w$ D' @/ o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 g) r" e/ g( M4 g& x+ k2 E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 j( V3 X' u3 q; b. s) \2 D4 J# y
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: V0 e# L4 D+ e8 F. l& C: Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 C  R+ u5 a. x" e) ]% d+ ?3 lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 i' K( I' Q7 O. Npletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- `/ x' V( ?1 B7 s
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 k! S& h0 M; b% v; }9 OmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( y9 _8 f0 l8 v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ w) ]4 ?5 p% D) k" Q  n0 Z) M4 Fing frequent erections.
, ^8 o+ [6 I$ f; l# r) ^) U, TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
( f: {9 v8 q" j( I: x: p2 a. yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& S4 i! P6 b; k+ w2 C) f7 n
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' a' h# G, r/ h) m2 l4 P  c& x% h
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
. W  a; F5 k" \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-0 k$ K  W+ y2 R3 V6 O3 m! K
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  `& A# ]/ U+ b
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 i) f, T) {( I% Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 O+ a- c9 R3 K6 l- J( iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) f3 [3 \2 Z. K( P6 U, Y$ Q! ?( S
secondary to depression.
# o4 U4 p2 m) |( sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 B% L  U. i) C9 ~/ Z) B; A# v+ b0 m
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 q, a+ X# n  N( t# F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( I5 c, j$ _5 `6 k0 O! U
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: h5 `+ |7 h) E& i& z3 SThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; S; t- {& R. b; U# {" J4 @
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 l, d% O9 e% r# x: g
was high, he then read the product information& y* y2 V$ m. _6 Y- z* Q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& f. c) c  F  H' a+ h1 d9 i' N
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 U  V$ i4 [9 ]  b3 K. Z* qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 T$ `2 X! N9 i% m. @father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ }/ v  a* U. |: T9 S0 j. n; Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, ^3 b" u8 a. G" t
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 Y: c( [) }; @. I# i, ?. Y& jlaboratory to obtain the test.6 o( K8 t9 I/ `# X1 y# }7 m
Discussion
$ q5 ~% g/ N6 M/ T0 g4 jPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) E0 }# P. y5 K+ ^( Isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ U# R3 Z$ N  Y' U) ~$ p2 K% b+ [/ w
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# d4 q- z6 r) l8 |4 D5 m8 ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! \+ o5 c: _9 w$ i6 G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( V' \) M; w9 c6 Q' imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& h9 O: M, [" cmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# d  d: ?$ A- i2 ^1 |' X; e/ _( m
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 V2 C/ f" p; ^: D" J7 U5 samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
7 K: n3 P! K; V5 Dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ V' n5 o7 r0 Gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' z/ t' ?$ Z! c1 w/ s
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; _7 T( o* H. r; }$ L1 O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* D* J. D( H" j( d% W- xgonadotropins.1,3/ \6 l: N+ C2 e' l. f- s6 C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! S) p" P2 A) P6 s2 K$ w# Z" Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* {* z2 L; F5 R8 |. `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or- d9 P3 u* f+ `1 L# u8 R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 a8 ~! V$ r, V/ \- l4 ~! r  _
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 ~+ D, c# l! m" f) R: S
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( N% x3 B& ^& Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 t% B9 C( Y! W* Q( v+ L" ]puberty in boys.3,4
5 E3 _& l: V$ l4 B$ j2 UThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: H+ G- h& Z+ Y& @hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 s: t. I, Q" v
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 N% p, l! ?7 t; y' k1 K( e" z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 l# v/ l8 u% q# p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ H* C+ v0 s# T2 Y9 v
excess.1,31 J' j  J) O6 Z, K, s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 H, V9 O  y; Z# c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: x+ [1 s6 S$ b  z5 B; ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ E0 L) z6 Q' E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; j+ [, F/ T# E! X1 Q! c
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! z- J1 b+ h/ e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
! S7 b% ?# [; ^with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: G& }, b3 @% L6 tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, Z$ q9 {9 A. U- E( A" K+ E/ `& {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( o/ U+ t6 J$ D! u6 Y/ H4 q' e
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 t- i' b" D7 x5 w+ A# N6 a5 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  d' a) u1 \" m- U/ B
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% Y+ v7 {4 @- o2 o# H6 v) w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 w3 l! t$ A; j7 x: f% j2 `: E5 x
males; therefore, other male members of the family
7 N$ ^% H, I" r# q5 n* umay have similar precocious puberty.3
$ s! s/ P4 Z( Z/ BIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ V& Q- c+ Q+ |: Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: i5 c5 q! v7 e5 X0 b. s) B  Z! j$ ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; r0 E, U: m. f8 a; ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father0 U, M1 h) v5 g' r
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 O: ?, M& C, P1 w, u* n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 S: K  J3 E, K  U% c3 M+ Lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 K4 p+ H5 J8 l* l9 G: C$ Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our  d/ ^+ v9 s* ^, X9 s8 y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 M! q5 s5 j& P" b/ h* d$ Ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) U5 d% z  ]+ {& G: B0 ?5 g
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  S. c2 z9 D$ [0 \ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; v- u8 _; p, f' _The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% Q; s- W: t1 o3 U+ \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 L% ?& B/ X% D0 H% n- Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 e* _7 v) e1 \9 o% o
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 D: Q1 ~5 B& h; v; A% vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 y' E2 t, E0 U7 T9 Y& v, u! lterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- Y6 n4 Q, y) ?. B2 L
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 }  c; ]. C  {Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 E* v$ x% ^5 a5 J
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" @: l  E4 _2 B1 e5 T6 L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 i- c/ X' f" _! F
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 h5 d5 }' m; ~# W" k* ~  F! gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& I5 {0 F0 i# l  N% A: k& K5 }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  T/ _2 q# V) o. D  [! a9 d+ L- epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 l6 {. p) D8 a9 ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. S" r  C: {. q! F, W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 D8 n( a4 Q+ u9 ~$ p% m0 P- Y: }9 B
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# d, p# X7 e% N! `/ N6 n! \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- K4 s9 u! Q+ L7 D9 e% ~2 \+ Nterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 b$ J, Y7 ?0 y7 w4 l9 H, Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
6 N" Q( M0 k4 O9 h& S; jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! m* e" b" G# V- f. B3 O  p* x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. X- r3 p  ?9 b) vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 K* P) K2 c3 H  O9 f
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 t8 q* d% _( U- x' Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 I# |& v" L. X6 @7 ?( v( D+ a) n
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 M$ S- o6 U6 ?4 qearly childhood on pubertal development and final
$ u/ \* m7 r' O2 _  ~: iadult height are not fully known and always remain& B4 U5 {* d) E1 [; L0 ~  Q# A
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 f; u! U' O6 f% _  ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 h: {0 ]; i6 o( {7 {+ a4 F# M% Uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 `$ C8 G  k9 b6 [- l6 ?
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# F0 k6 d; P* q/ j
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 E6 O( G1 G( uThere are conflicting reports and controversy1 S7 F$ I0 i* T6 P) T" o, w
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% `2 a. j* p" R# S/ d7 |" `$ W
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal$ k) k* S; z% b4 y- j. C
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; w8 c; Q" {8 r) ^3 r7 w$ D2 y% kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* B* y  }7 G# c. g) d$ ?! h' `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; F8 b, l8 g- u) }5 {! hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 G/ S8 s2 i- N
penile length in clinical studies.: A6 n9 c$ p8 X; |' X
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 J& |3 N6 d/ f) V- ^5 c* s  ~going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" Q$ a# P6 I, e. m& f) Y, Xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; j- P  D& L. K1 Z4 ?% |/ a. \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" [+ G* G! J  E5 A  x* JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) g" L4 j4 c$ I$ m! N' h* a  W/ M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% z7 }1 `, U3 _, b1 }4 s; \0 Mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 R0 u$ S/ O8 E1 v( l; P
height will not be affected.
1 M( Z/ \3 ~% n) e6 I$ Y: C4 {& r2 WAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
" |5 A& Z( e" P: qability of androgen products in our society may: T# L2 v* i$ s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female" k- X# h; n) R2 t
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 t* B3 i! s* F: M7 g5 Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 v, Y- n8 U$ ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or) u+ ?+ K2 j" q1 q; b
gel should be asked of the family members during
: |: N1 @0 m# Z+ i% Jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ w1 E2 A7 }9 |) }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# E  u( e* g7 J4 ]& o, P8 @# z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* R2 y' ~, }+ V- eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% @9 M- ], m$ F- \: h# n0 w
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! S% |( B, q9 e5 e: l  a# X! y1 n% Y1 `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 J6 W" S' j0 k5 ?# u% Y  winvestigation. The primary care physician should be' r' u: Q% N. k  U  s8 I; G
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 [5 d7 v$ Y* D% m9 E
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" @( v: V, H: m/ n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# E, v4 z# v" l5 V4 b- F+ Z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 @# O9 b5 C! O" ~$ [, b8 ^% |
female child who might come in contact with some-% Y- Z. q5 r+ h- Z
one using any of these products.( q: x6 t/ `; s6 H% l
References- N" t5 Q' d5 L* j2 b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 F. f+ J6 {$ Iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" _; N5 T  i9 V! v+ aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
7 j- |) l+ f5 G. `' L9 ?/ `3 E' ]4 K2002: 565-628.
: ^9 m1 ]9 ?3 h9 c5 k' [2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ B* o1 P, |' e$ S3 Q8 A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; q  q- n* @! [! k! e5 Q9 n" eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 ~) U+ v  K! T9 Z; [2 zExposure to Testosterone
' R2 i: F2 V% M/ MSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& Q3 ]7 d7 v/ q" X% g* \8 o! `* L3 W' \and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; {4 m& F- g0 ^# EClinical Pediatrics( r% p$ [& F4 h! @
Volume 46 Number 6% g% L' Y( h* S( [5 H0 [
July 2007 540-543
7 ]( `8 m( L8 s/ j- z' L- v# b© 2007 Sage Publications5 ]  L5 }# U: K/ K" r
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 i8 k/ k1 J( Xhttp://clp.sagepub.com
1 z. L0 L# k. A$ q, x) D* Whosted at
# {# w5 y) E; j' |http://online.sagepub.com* ^- f) ~4 J" E: l( S
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 F( W1 O  ?8 a8 \is a significant concern for physicians. Central  {8 M1 N" x( I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ @5 I5 x9 v* L( u0 p: @. vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( [( ]. i. e# h4 J! |; W2 W- g
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 W' v, ]6 C$ y, W1 b+ r# Elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 o( v3 I$ X  J/ E
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% h, f4 Z4 A% vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; n5 z0 N& k: D* S
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' K* H4 {& B  W0 T' L9 m2 c& z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 I! Z8 [- N2 I$ j' G' T& U1 `enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 T9 k$ K4 j! z2 l& i3 A8 _
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 Y0 S3 [7 f# A6 _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# e" B( o) ^( J* j/ H3 A3 x
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 |+ K* g3 Y: Z6 w- y$ G7 Lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 r  L4 A% r' W4 bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' R. h6 C" q' y1 J* X! ^. ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! R2 K. C1 M( q. mbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 M1 K4 o( B! q$ h! l3 A% oliterature.4+ B- u& D" {0 I1 j5 }+ o7 W+ Q
Patient Report" g6 W4 g5 I  E- g, E  t( O4 l* k
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 W4 d, ?) g7 p! b. pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# z( ?. _1 n4 ]1 Z! D/ x- b
of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 m! }! v9 D: n8 u2 u- S
light colored pubic hair development when he was, C- r3 m+ s; |; z
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 C9 }& {0 O, l! @4 [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 K4 C. S* b7 h  Y5 k
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ m4 v' H0 O! L$ F0 E; D! H
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 U& \" M( Y9 L
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. |9 ^7 s% l2 W+ ye-mail: [email protected].
. p! \( ~# h2 ]& T7 Pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: {$ T5 C% s9 S) G: Hdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ |, ^9 @# S# W: C/ [* qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% c& g; g( b5 d: U. s( Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 E0 a$ B; o5 j. ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( j# r8 J# H  e! M( u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 \# V' F2 q# z0 iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 x9 M( Y) D5 l" K5 i- nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 Z( X1 M; ?, q7 h/ |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 Z3 E' m$ f. ?* _+ G# [& e+ H5 H
was age appropriate.0 g5 }$ i, a9 ~& ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 v% s9 \4 S  S! v) U. n( V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 _( v  ^3 q1 J( a! W. hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 G/ u1 S7 I; z. v, c* }: F6 x
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 S/ b( O6 r. V8 U0 A; |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 s0 ]* B9 W0 g! c& S; E! A
The father denied taking any other medication. The
) R  [/ C6 m' M# `child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ l3 F; z+ L) D' G, r' H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 b- L9 @3 E3 K; Q4 R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 K0 {/ q; M$ {0 W8 `8 v% V
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
- `$ O) M+ a: b, o/ \tives. There were no siblings.
4 U6 }. m- I+ X% s" `9 }Physical Examination: I  c4 f% [, ~- t
The physical examination revealed a very active,( g" t; i& f' I7 {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" g6 I: [1 @- c' p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
2 ~. }$ d2 U' v0 u5 i90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 B" ?* N4 ^6 d& L3 M( I
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% M2 V2 `5 s  ?- `& jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 f( R# ~/ {( s5 \7 \$ t; z+ h& r
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 F8 x. b2 Q1 P5 V3 q4 P- A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for! \/ I* Q) w3 o2 E$ k% D0 H, n
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 T0 ^+ N+ x) r4 Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" m5 H; [" h" v1 tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) u/ \1 t: n4 @6 e540
' |3 s6 Y* s% z7 L- lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 {( J, E( M; K* `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ S) a4 F5 `1 }testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ A" E7 l2 d/ `) y5 M
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, `' Z$ g. f0 J$ W) I  xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no/ L2 p# T' E( ]2 y8 U( u
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' B5 [1 g7 l) @5 }  G' X  q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 S1 \/ W' S9 ]/ wbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& I8 `$ d& y2 u# Eof papilledema.
" \$ R. j2 `7 w! x/ |Laboratory Evaluation
- G# m8 m7 Y& J: K3 y% a$ w; qThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% [/ [4 G' u8 J9 j1 \using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ z- N0 N0 _' s. k: h3 u# |logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: [6 q6 y, \, t; h) M( D. ^5 Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! k! |+ Z- l' h7 m7 l" _; D$ \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: H, P9 }& p0 h) T/ b% j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# M" w+ n; L5 @5 ]7 v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 Z7 E/ n  q) G) ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 R6 U8 l0 k+ D; [: l6 i, r; Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration$ X. G9 M  ]$ B2 @: S; q1 ~
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 ?$ {: t( F  X. M
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 y2 p4 s8 R6 @
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 ~) b: L2 O  S3 Aterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 }7 p6 {+ D: P! F* z, Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 x6 }- @/ S2 V( G1 S3 w1 B0 u+ m
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" @/ ?: x) R9 e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 m4 ]; V" q" h- o1 z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, o, _$ f) l% ?8 D2 R, X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 O# d/ E) K/ l$ ^4 w$ f
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 C+ A( B1 [  ~0 e
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 w0 H; F- o0 T+ ~( Y8 |; ^/ `
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 T2 O9 M& c: g& U6 E
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 y! [3 r( N$ @$ i* A* R* ^+ K& s. N
(prepubertal).2 N* h4 Z6 r  ?
The parents were notified about the laboratory7 s7 i( H4 i3 n
results and were informed that all of the tests were" G% P6 y5 @' o/ K
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
& l6 F) H7 H' f, G$ T; zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# k. n1 C1 M( U, y; F" xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 t# b+ [4 T% D: N) k9 }$ w/ H# qever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 g. _# \" Q! y1 `Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 G( p* `/ B+ u( l
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' I! f* n5 e+ X( U
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) M/ z/ ]$ W" `: H! A2 K; Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 P; V* R8 U/ y+ r# t# d3 g
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% x! N0 P; G( p# Ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ s, b1 S8 `  Y/ i0 y# f
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% ^5 N0 w5 Z( o' r0 O* U/ y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 |% U9 g3 Y6 ~ing frequent erections.
+ D: D# g: u4 F; d" T1 |2 }Both parents were again questioned about use of
, T( k& `- Y: `1 o& X7 jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 C5 o& d9 B& Y1 ]$ E7 E. {
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 V6 k8 @- t8 U# q# q; }% P3 r" C6 \
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 E. N2 J: `# _/ Y) Q1 zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" w# s# [( t. H7 |( U
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: s: j) m: ?  i) `+ B0 O! H7 Fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 T! }" B- R4 ]' U+ j+ t2 l6 Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! {+ s4 Z1 l" r9 n  y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- S/ B6 k) Q, n
secondary to depression.
$ E; f" ^4 d) T6 l# u& u, {The child slept in the same bed with parents.
* [5 s. E0 R  yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 |, W1 _  N+ a& b% f
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- D/ l, e2 \  {% A* E% k' ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ r: X- a6 f% K  [8 f% [! A6 F3 zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 |* a1 x) o8 T( h$ F) W. `  G/ L5 Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- Z; s1 I: W0 V7 t9 X6 I0 F+ awas high, he then read the product information, u; H; B2 E  r/ W' o* M  o/ N: |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* j& A* m. a8 O9 t1 D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, X: z$ D7 C2 adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ s; [# ^; b( c% O5 F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 |2 h. G* V* ~+ `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ W; w: Q1 G) O2 mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 A  O2 R. I  U0 @  ~4 B7 n- |
laboratory to obtain the test.
( f, m# d  g( U" y& N& K# k2 ?4 O! ^Discussion3 T8 u  K+ i! y9 z) Z3 L: A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
' I( U" w8 F9 ?9 ^! zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; B  w- n7 k+ |7 f/ t3 Y% UPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ E5 H9 s. ~- S, q0 `' S2 I' K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  I% c9 m( ~: @3 K6 n) K( cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. M6 o- u% `% l9 {5 p) Y: D/ Bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ S9 R% t) f9 v1 z& j9 H  m) l- e1 a
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" u* j9 F) h+ c3 o% s# a' Aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 F1 T8 ^! U# f- b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, d* n: D& N7 A7 Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% w. d" {2 |  x' c9 }  Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
& H2 i1 P# Z. P0 Z, b6 K% `+ j7 Dization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ z) Y3 r8 Y  A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 U( H: I; g% Z9 ?! I; r( j- ngonadotropins.1,3
2 y: [' \: i/ ]1 n9 w. ^  P  A/ |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! W! K8 F8 N- Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 d6 X0 w' {$ n- c$ N
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 P' z! T! g4 C  gexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 a% P, R+ V) F0 o) J1 ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 c  W( y$ G; ~) Z: L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 l% v- r6 |4 T* B' a7 B
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ r- v# h1 M) l9 J/ l, k2 Q
puberty in boys.3,4* z2 `. D) S. U
The most common form of congenital adrenal2 _- v/ f& ?0 v0 p9 V( p1 y
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., |6 M3 B" N! l7 f
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 Y) `2 B- V( _5 X/ Q, B$ F
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
- U4 k" ~: M1 I* N2 \4 }an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 c0 i$ n) @* i9 ?' E3 e6 `
excess.1,3
$ X2 ^5 D( s# W( lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" @0 W3 G, ?7 T& X! m; {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# ]0 {; N/ o* _% o4 m: ^A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* y# m7 w  z7 U
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! P' G; F% \* K- x  \9 f) f$ C
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
  F$ u5 A2 x# S# ?! B/ m: F9 bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ H5 C% V- |5 {1 o( Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 H/ u5 [1 l: I/ _+ lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ [0 \) g( H& ]5 I1 s5 J8 x
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" ^# H* q/ _0 Z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 V) L4 U9 x* x* O
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 N5 q( ^) q8 _4 c" u2 `- ?) [" @releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 @: ~- k3 \' ~; U
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 T% ?0 r% s# `: H' ?) _males; therefore, other male members of the family
- [2 W3 F& A- [' |6 B; ?+ O+ Imay have similar precocious puberty.35 `$ a: ?* a# _$ P
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
) G7 Y+ \  Z$ F- }- Rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 l, B* B' ^' u5 F& J; W8 H1 O# [cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. g# m& x. }; y- d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
$ U' \) J! N8 Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) c& Q4 y) r* ?# ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) A6 g7 R1 S" {! c. hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, s8 D5 r1 h* m. m2 t" G  `
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! Z; P+ Q  X# U( _# [" _
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) V$ j  R1 g$ j+ j+ N) q) T
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" |$ ~6 }% d' t# P! e) l% Kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ K5 C3 D1 Q/ fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% P. j, E, K2 ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; }6 t6 p* D8 S- g' E8 n
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 ~# I6 Z2 i2 @& J( Q5 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 R4 c( e* S' ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. I2 e3 q# Q7 rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 n: n  w8 e( Eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. P" R$ k8 O. x  l' Z& S+ Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 \$ t! r- k& |% B# u9 R- s
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& m& K; m$ E: E& D+ s1 O! x. n
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 f, i/ t$ e) M4 y: [" C7 c# aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.& f5 S3 r: y; ^- o7 z2 n# u. i
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# f7 L) j4 G& \7 C- ~& T: ]8 ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to) f9 M$ W- \( k
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# Y  Y$ V0 w' |( Z2 p' z) `
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, {6 C$ o4 X. [5 G/ J, etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ u8 e+ f! m  q$ g3 K) d0 UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: A) w) `( `% ]8 D- k, O; W) _) F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& c9 Z# o( _) I& X2 `- l$ Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 J; {6 N6 S. y# m8 H6 H
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ J( m* W+ V4 j9 E/ O) m+ n  J3 Qactive in young children exposed to testosterone. [5 X. u( P7 t$ Z7 @/ h
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- t! ~5 {/ P% t$ t, \) cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- s& @, d7 g5 t) H/ D! dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; W: U+ B4 }( ?" N$ Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
6 L: `, E8 S( d, ]- _3 dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient." x0 c) e) p. k1 a: S/ J
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ |/ I0 h5 Z3 N8 c* V* U
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; R3 v8 z) I2 sadult height are not fully known and always remain
3 L% P& b1 S: c' C7 x: P& E/ u# _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* n4 [" Y: g: ]8 t% `# H) u; C
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* Q  H: N8 s( `5 @; {acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  T# A; r$ k. l% E4 }. \- Wcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 z0 c' L5 d7 G6 jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ r  k4 }* k  Z4 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy. t( ]6 v5 l8 A# H5 @) N2 s
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. R' a* c7 g* w, `! F4 D: n0 L. f2 h
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 v5 e, F  P3 o$ S" e# }adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- o- m& f9 j1 n" eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& w& c5 `) K* w1 h
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
  c1 h% L& _! }* I- {2 mchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, @2 \  x/ r; Z7 h2 ~8 K, s1 T" zpenile length in clinical studies.
0 T- @* M& B, I+ V3 S8 c# YNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ M5 N/ V6 ~* O: |; H- ^% g' D; k
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% k3 i; X: W; {8 l& j% Rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ I: q! c# t+ z8 |, C' nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: P& t$ N1 q9 F, h0 b2 e/ h4 [7 H
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! A, t! _2 B! D! P  V: H7 |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at6 m, ]3 Y  A) G/ z% O5 ^: A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 Q4 G' G7 g% Y+ U! z, e
height will not be affected.
7 t9 G4 D& i5 F& yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
  \' o) W, l: T; \. e( T& K4 Gability of androgen products in our society may
5 c8 K" X& {& ~, U( T* cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) q$ `) z3 i; F. N7 A# m+ K3 Ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: Q" x" @) p4 n' N4 @4 egen products must be considered and specific ques-
; ?2 G# [& s% a  }* ?( k  Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or) f" `, |/ ~) L0 d! B
gel should be asked of the family members during
" s* y7 u% W2 W' @1 kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-' O9 N5 k& T/ g# V4 |4 i
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  A/ l7 p9 S2 @/ W/ W! Y3 s
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* Q' C# `  }5 `appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 i/ C- L; q! E2 S
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 i6 Y3 ?% H: R, Q/ l0 B- H) K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 J1 r6 d! A4 \( C+ F" k
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ ~4 X; f4 a# G3 ]  q4 y1 Saware of this fact, because most of these children
8 N# R3 ]( o+ x0 @& j" p8 |may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 H$ t: R1 G! x4 N, A8 c$ o  BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a/ B; y5 L5 r* i4 }% W$ d4 c
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, S4 A% r- E: `: [% Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-" @0 ~* |6 }/ q
one using any of these products.
) x2 Y4 f! Y# [/ q8 N# bReferences
' Z% b' h5 M$ ?; L6 y) s0 N1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( x, C) D% ?6 B6 F( [" K
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% p, ]! N9 a6 s2 w: vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* h  D# u6 y* o( v% E/ U2002: 565-628.
( T( q  d% P5 D6 {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ H! {4 [7 z/ d; ~* w/ p# _puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
1 N5 H7 I( m" L  O5 |
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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