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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- P- i; X: Q0 k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
  j3 Q( p7 T; g7 I, W, F% hExposure to Testosterone
' z3 ?1 a6 j2 s+ X# I4 C1 ?Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 B8 ?3 `8 z. _3 \3 l! E7 B' nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- l+ r: }9 ?  y, A$ |7 H& cClinical Pediatrics% d0 ^4 U5 c- F% l8 f- {. e) m
Volume 46 Number 6( W1 I9 Q9 x$ n9 k% R& W
July 2007 540-543
; q  T$ s/ d* W: J& H% W© 2007 Sage Publications4 J' f8 X5 D: V% X
10.1177/0009922806296651
; Q0 w: E- w( G/ S8 A' {& x8 q0 q1 @http://clp.sagepub.com
9 k# i. k7 p# d3 Bhosted at
, S8 Z4 B5 r3 d- [- I: Ahttp://online.sagepub.com3 H! s% v$ u! N7 [' U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) y# L% z- E2 w
is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 d7 D0 O5 y6 f8 T  M
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: `7 O3 U0 F& m* I( lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' [$ w* t0 ?8 d& \. p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- {+ N' v2 v- Y+ `8 W4 ^) Hlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
' E: R+ C% ^! Q( aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 ?$ l+ T- M; T8 ~2 U. Zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# I- k8 m2 B- o2 e$ ?$ scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, p& `  p; l5 B1 P  l2 O0 n
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; [. d* c& J, |3 g; Benlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 ]) p  ^3 \  E9 e% e; J
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. J% P+ K- Y* _& I$ S5 Y/ D/ ~
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 W$ ~% x  t4 O, r/ D1 _% N5 _+ }the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 E+ `2 R, \; O- {+ kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 V/ c7 a0 J" R9 B5 R/ uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 O/ x6 C8 @9 S! b# l& s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 p) `8 Q- c, t. O
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 w( M7 E% L1 J, X" Q4 W. W
literature.4
$ k9 n/ [$ o5 t- k) ]& e+ P8 e# g& i3 ePatient Report6 K! c8 E( ?/ g7 M9 f& v+ a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the* ~# m% L7 M3 t. Y4 B: K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 P& u3 f) b$ I+ u. \' sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 d, E' \( F+ u' c& }3 Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was
# u0 \. z" c" _8 a+ M% i2 R1 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" n1 {; _4 }( B0 z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 m; r# m/ c% f1 YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  Z' w- u" ~3 B9 {' i; rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' i! l: Q1 a0 ^
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& P# ^! r/ v, r- L) xe-mail: [email protected].! a0 U; e$ X, ?( ]& N& I. p
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" K/ u" Z1 k" h+ j, Q. U0 jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 s8 s% g! h4 H. V0 S4 jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 C2 I) ~0 {( \" Z1 ^1 Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! F' t  z8 y" [) Z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 }$ z1 d" }( J; O! p" c& J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ X+ A. ~  {6 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! R# x6 }! g# G' D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ D" N8 f- H3 [4 O
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 R& z+ R: F- z: ?
was age appropriate.! t$ V6 s9 }* n  L9 j  H
The family history was remarkable for the father,) K* e" u& Y5 N- \" x* w
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ g, R& U+ }& a9 b) [# w9 a
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' a3 _, m* I3 v5 o- V! Z! uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 V* N9 L/ z, m  a* I% i
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., B9 R: R8 b4 G$ J: k
The father denied taking any other medication. The8 O+ O; u2 v  O( H! O) z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche0 i4 [' T3 g, B% e) _5 }5 h
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet/ L  u1 i8 z$ \- k8 k, P, A
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ f4 g: u7 G- q4 M: @& d) o' scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. K0 N1 Z2 g8 o$ F. p4 _
tives. There were no siblings.
* S0 @. O# ^- A  n' x' j/ PPhysical Examination
( |' z. E8 Q* M9 vThe physical examination revealed a very active,
  c5 f- H4 e3 Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  J6 Z% n7 V) p/ N4 ]4 A( `3 Z, ]. \a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% i7 }$ q( d. }0 v; c; i( ^: l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ Y3 ?; k" [4 M( O9 K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( z0 J0 P! ~1 q% h! ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ ?3 f% u6 a' Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ?4 A% l- w3 _% L+ R  R  h( p' uThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. A/ I0 N- v& c% [: C. ~enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" T. a, P' x( l0 s, o2 a- S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 ?% b: X# ~' B2 F  G- u$ ?# J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# Y1 M' @" N% D3 `# c8 P% N; P( S
540
$ {6 v, f5 k: M4 cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: o. H8 J. t! m5 m8 kthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. U4 `7 E5 c6 X( ]3 r  }
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  m5 D# `. w4 g# E+ v# K
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 T; q  L4 Z/ Q3 X0 l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; C( H! p- ^' @; b5 z/ i
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
  u1 ]6 M- y' e+ [: u+ ^* T# o2 Y8 eNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# {2 i% [: J1 V" o; k1 ^( }( t- t) Tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 p2 k# U$ N8 S- l' G1 v9 Dof papilledema.
$ {- Y( h+ D- K9 @# w( p$ ALaboratory Evaluation
6 S, t' g) J" m. H, DThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ H' R) \% {9 S6 ~8 _" e3 s+ Lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ S# j) L% ]* r. X- a! g9 }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 z" ^+ a* D/ h* z! o7 G2 l7 g" Skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  ~9 s/ E$ D; P8 I& E8 g( p+ m: W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 ]/ V$ \- v. G% t* m
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 h* ^) @8 i! g* |5 ]/ b" w
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! e& S6 P3 r1 Z8 b9 j6 u
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. }% U7 i) z# C/ m+ X5 X* bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration% T7 ~. w- g& [& D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL/ E4 p6 K: h) c2 q/ e& [( c# H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ B) Q* k% z4 L' u. W) D2 K5 U  m1 e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 s5 {- A- N0 }; X4 fterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- }; p! A& K1 M7 `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 j8 b. R! k6 C3 L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# j7 O* k9 T2 C- Z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% a+ W* ]0 V7 q9 utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" Y8 ]2 y' U1 i6 ^testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  H- w7 E! @: M/ S7 band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 B3 _3 c$ W: k! [5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 d0 D8 t& q/ t( H
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ y& u0 s) T9 B; @+ f8 ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ ~! g2 o7 ?% B
(prepubertal).# F( Y5 a* P' e* m" K
The parents were notified about the laboratory9 b1 N/ `% F! P% o
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 I5 n& _/ i( `7 n. r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 `. b! L) A" O5 M8 C9 ]8 z, pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! h! s6 }+ n. g: C
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& ^1 C# q7 @8 I+ k4 c6 o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' q, ^% s- m2 e6 d/ O5 W5 T
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 P% ~5 r& l# U4 |, V7 B- ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 Q( I. v" e% v/ j3 s2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained- v5 Z: Z# m/ a6 u. U! f
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ e5 l* \2 v9 \  b9 apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 Q. J1 K4 W% P- `9 x! ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 u3 z7 L( a9 L# }0 Y6 {% Z, XmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 n& r8 V+ ~  M, o* _4 y. g: e4 CThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  r* v- e2 J4 z8 e! l9 Z6 ^$ S# y
ing frequent erections.( G) c3 b( w) q( l
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ X: R! I  {+ @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 F# `5 T5 B! N+ |& J- D  s% C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( t5 T# w/ Z$ C/ v3 B4 r" m! G7 ~( f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 b. D2 X. w1 ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& R& [% q0 d$ m4 w& h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 W# p$ M% i. K% w  m4 R* @* m9 H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 M+ m3 b5 {6 k" n2 b- z- k- n
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 P! D4 f( ]) l. [* V) S' ?
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido, U2 Q8 S0 Q' o" F! c
secondary to depression.
, v: F3 ]# Z( o8 }" LThe child slept in the same bed with parents.- i; d4 e7 H" o, Y6 y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* ]) |2 T; Y& t4 echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ R) a0 X: H+ H6 Q& I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ Y+ u& r, J! c: W& f( E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; K$ ~6 C- W$ X; z# Iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& G' e: _! R6 L: I- qwas high, he then read the product information. b- `: C9 c, \0 ^5 p( F& q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" {* E6 X9 G: L9 X
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 ?# V- N7 V, y" i6 [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the2 T1 ]- a" r# F8 |4 @! r( y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 Q3 M5 Y9 S* [& M5 A; ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 m0 y, y5 z8 E( F3 |test was ordered, but the family did not go to the% x1 K2 V  `* A7 A3 Y+ q7 C/ X5 q
laboratory to obtain the test.  ?. E; \% u4 s
Discussion$ {" B0 `0 J: @2 c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 h4 K3 L2 e! i% e$ d, ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ m: U- r9 K4 K1 `$ o( B; pPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% w# ]7 H1 B  }& Q5 b/ M. Tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# N% d* u: o" x0 T2 @: qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, ^# Z1 [3 w+ r3 b+ t2 A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ W, B$ Y, @+ S% w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( `! `, ~! T8 z; ?! j
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  y. ~% c8 m5 S- m3 t( ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* W) e* Q2 J  i8 g
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ A- n  l  b4 qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-+ k/ V& R/ Q" D. N
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( V$ d% E( ?; d5 Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* N/ v# x. Q* I- h1 r
gonadotropins.1,3
- k2 a& j  {6 k1 t( k9 G3 AGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. z5 O, Y  l2 x% a! T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! E! v% |) l) o5 L4 H
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 ^& J* m) Y0 _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. h1 P4 u) A! T, y* R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ W& u5 n7 Z8 v2 [+ Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! Y4 r: t; y- R9 q; Y' N( e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( u- ~% g6 K% l0 @6 ^) Z8 B/ `
puberty in boys.3,4
/ j( U2 D* e% u& q0 v+ ~The most common form of congenital adrenal
  d% ]: M* A" M8 C5 L/ ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 I: E( \% v- D  D0 ]2 OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 s1 J% M. R" k$ W
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: O' r, B* E4 a8 w# a+ v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 z9 c0 l4 W4 ?4 w3 d# R
excess.1,3
6 d& c0 s9 B, |  L: o" Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( a) o; J; k% e9 g9 F) D2 L
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007. x- Q, H  s" S) t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* l1 c" g2 v7 D: w$ e: t$ D5 Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
) |9 j7 s; V  Q/ k" Bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! v  T# q2 P' q3 x2 u- q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys0 i$ B; L7 q0 _% @( ?
with this disorder are full pubertal development,* L2 f7 L! o: ]# z! f3 y! Z/ c9 N8 d
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 c/ S8 H! Z: A0 Uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& q3 t; V4 C1 _- Nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; U: q' |+ ]1 y8 d' Npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" h* a& e/ g5 C9 Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ J5 G/ E" j$ B8 I* Qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 g( M  a! q+ o
males; therefore, other male members of the family) k' {0 U. V, ]8 m% V1 \+ v. D
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 j; H7 e( B- _0 sIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) T; E. g' B; D: A# H+ l- j
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" d6 o' a/ U* G7 L
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; U" s/ R9 H2 Y; O$ dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% n/ h/ P. A9 F) R" S  Cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 d: Q! r9 a# G0 f6 ?' h6 Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the4 g3 |7 B- I6 I7 s2 Z4 \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, E6 Q4 n- @5 \$ k9 b% f3 E" aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, S2 w, Z, F8 s: _4 Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( m$ L* k0 ^* N: m4 W3 I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, ~7 y% W4 r$ s+ Mdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ H8 A: c3 y# S; H' Y0 W/ _3 ~ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 L3 F* y' G- Z0 J. G$ L( _' GThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 T0 _- s$ i/ r7 O8 z& W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because# f2 V) |. k9 ?3 `  ^7 K& C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; `& H! t8 M+ m: z; `  z7 `
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- @8 ]: \. R. F8 }, H! }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: _& y: D# ]4 a; ^. t& v9 i+ n/ l
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. u9 p8 ]! ^- O) @1 _+ n+ eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& G+ m& j5 I" _  J0 |: }: {$ `Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; T7 ]. D6 Z9 E5 u, Hcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ B3 T* Y3 j7 g( g/ e! \unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. h9 R* ^: W- j
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: t  R* _6 I( H6 g+ @baseline value in those females who were exposed to# e6 Q5 y2 N2 @
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ G, }: v' L' S$ R; T/ o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 d2 c% c. j6 N& X" ?# L" ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! n' D& x; ?8 {1 W
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 d+ B3 ?4 ~4 D
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% E; ^; v& q5 n7 d$ \7 r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! V9 t  G" D" Z" X% Y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# D8 d& a: r1 V8 m/ }( d! m. D! {- M
active in young children exposed to testosterone) |# D/ M, t; F. S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 s( G/ {% u8 K1 V# z" tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. k6 C5 L) t9 K' b: p
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  a* e( D) P8 |0 l' _' k* ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 X& T; y0 T$ R# C. e* iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) Z, u% \# l( ~, ~7 C4 N" lThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during# @. X$ S$ [$ Z  f" h/ o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
1 |' W+ Q1 q/ |0 e, x) Zadult height are not fully known and always remain5 _/ I" |1 V" {8 K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 s2 ^; s; U; `+ R, P9 Vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ u& L% P" t) Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* }4 R  Q2 q2 z+ q4 _4 \% Fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 u, R' k' l3 u: pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 @9 [) F8 Z! F( z2 R6 k* o
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 a. A& z) ^4 L9 qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: @, D1 E) Z- T1 \
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" U. f8 [' v' \9 N$ d5 oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 o0 P1 V" z: X. Y, B( J& lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 l% Q7 m8 ~6 RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ ?4 ^! E: U8 g! F4 b8 cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 E0 o0 i- P0 rpenile length in clinical studies.
7 M3 K, _, {( e7 b1 l, CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ q# p9 J9 D! u% E* |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
: G; o. |- K  f5 l* o- l, l8 d, etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 |7 z3 H$ a* x8 M. I+ b  d3 Z1 ^' V
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# B$ w/ p5 }7 {2 v. F4 ~
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& _+ R5 F0 H6 {+ H% K, }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: \# z  P) @) u$ [+ m- w
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# J4 ?* t/ W. i  B. S, U/ P
height will not be affected.2 o0 Q" Y8 `/ s3 t9 A) i5 _& _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- f# j* |- X) [% o' q7 }9 qability of androgen products in our society may
; Z0 v6 o; V* p. O6 P2 g! Z* oindeed cause more virilization in male or female6 Q& I8 B2 R& S) ?  d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; Y4 V6 C( p4 @% Ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
. k* A+ j! w2 e- [: g+ o' f1 }tioning about the use of a testosterone product or- \9 Z$ [# X0 `
gel should be asked of the family members during1 s  t) ^4 _4 j' B9 A
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' ]6 s8 ^/ F. m% T" d+ |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" v9 S+ P4 K  ?; x$ C
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by% w1 c; N) x8 e! b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- ], A  H0 \& N7 z+ U. m9 y% Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! p8 p. z- @0 g/ p2 m, i& K, d4 a& [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; P  a8 G+ {$ m6 H, N) n) S8 c" o
investigation. The primary care physician should be; d( r5 x3 P  }: u4 F8 ?( H
aware of this fact, because most of these children
' J1 p5 O7 b/ A: Y. W& L! h: l$ pmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& S! I2 B$ Z) U7 e% B- o' D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a8 h. `* `# t$ i! F. H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. f! v; J" F: F" Y* s8 @
female child who might come in contact with some-% {# [% i7 m( L* o% a) w
one using any of these products.
2 G4 z/ Q- k- `7 d5 XReferences# a0 a0 p9 V" z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( p! t# {- n1 H7 I' V4 Fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 V8 T! V; i8 YEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ Y# L, P$ M( }
2002: 565-628.8 v- M$ m5 B" y% p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 b* ?+ j& v7 x7 R( o
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 B. H7 b. A( T; e( b/ \2 Q2 gBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, k& A$ e+ L0 S1 h# i# W
Exposure to Testosterone
1 s8 U. O/ ~) O, X  n  W" Z9 m& mSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 s: q4 }5 r" A. \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; O1 ~/ H8 i+ O7 d, L1 iClinical Pediatrics& C+ n* O/ x5 \! o- J
Volume 46 Number 6. L6 Z) n* _$ u  N- ]) ]! U' V
July 2007 540-543
3 \3 W' R) [$ k9 S4 T* s© 2007 Sage Publications
( j, G) W! ^7 Y: b0 q10.1177/0009922806296651
: P$ e' n- i9 \, J. m* uhttp://clp.sagepub.com
5 G, a/ [( l6 Y1 y9 {& N. [, O% xhosted at
5 k; i7 Y' M" d% i6 i! [- \http://online.sagepub.com3 g" I. j' B" \( d: i, k% |. @
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. f/ T& J$ E, y/ {6 ]1 N" `, h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. c$ a9 z. B7 D3 M, qprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 V( x4 G( x9 }, x3 F4 x
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ @9 ?8 d9 @: N/ b: z/ {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 k  q' `% [+ |  k* mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 l0 @5 k7 b* D$ U0 mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, X2 R% f" t+ ^/ k/ yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 R9 r% `; _- D# ~8 F/ ^
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 |. t9 P) y! \# w$ g' Y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; n+ b0 J, z! K. l  [0 l3 Renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 g# N; B/ ~* s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. x& m% k3 G/ f$ ?% P2 {) j+ Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ s. e9 L+ t! _+ h1 hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-! `( X( B9 M+ m& X& j7 o2 E& }6 l( m# c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 s8 C2 _- Q/ ^& c7 M2 s$ E
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; l. z. y/ z  }6 m+ _' T6 o8 I
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! w" e* \6 r# V9 R8 b( L: g$ y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* ]: Z$ j# C' m: Tliterature.4
8 v* `2 S& w; N& u( D/ f3 _! }Patient Report
0 \, Q5 o  R7 }  j3 T( ]0 WA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 F# H& a- J0 k- n$ Bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& o$ {" w- s/ C6 _of early sexual development. His mother noticed3 m9 o) J+ T* m. k% \
light colored pubic hair development when he was
. i3 `6 I# Y: T. u, G( R1 [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& n: ]2 E9 w6 p3 i9 U6 R9 wSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 k9 v& V$ F* u, g0 b) F
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' v2 i* J% v) m% TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, \% X3 P( I: m
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" M# Z" U! a" d# c- f; m, ie-mail: [email protected].2 V' K2 B7 G9 C1 y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# a- h% c, S9 Q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ c1 [# ~7 c6 @$ {9 h
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) l5 H# N6 [+ Q( t! P7 n' W. D0 _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 G( D6 n* }, r/ d: M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 T9 [. {2 C$ @: c
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" Q6 ]8 W) A6 o  i! \of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) F. {; i& G! _8 u- F+ f- j7 y1 @) d6 ]solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 f: P6 k* l3 P! E+ X2 m
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development* U. [4 `  w% U+ D, c  B/ n/ A
was age appropriate.
7 X8 e. k2 D# j. ZThe family history was remarkable for the father,% U+ G% [- [5 R
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; S: S* i- i2 ~6 J, L# g7 I  U5 p* f
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 e( p6 M6 o* `3 j/ r. b1 i0 ?/ Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 `, T2 @4 @, m0 T- v0 B3 eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 Y# y: d' P2 e2 p5 m8 p
The father denied taking any other medication. The" w' W) H/ |6 w. l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ ^5 e7 @: `! M& n+ [
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 o( J8 V2 y6 G' C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% P& y* l% L0 a* q; S- l
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 y7 k2 W( g' ]4 p8 _- ]& S2 ltives. There were no siblings.
) ^2 m# v( n' d( r0 @6 a% K( DPhysical Examination
+ \; n6 g" a$ y9 I. @( g# oThe physical examination revealed a very active,
/ Y, m8 }0 J6 Splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, m0 D0 P  D* X. b; {1 X; r% W- i2 x7 Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, }1 S6 P" t7 I# q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- N* h+ X. v$ U6 a- R) `
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 a9 o! M" d( `" j3 F
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 _1 A9 |! Q+ A( Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ }6 x5 H! L  T5 K9 |, QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ C0 |& _. l: _5 `; P
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of& S2 r5 @: L5 g, O/ K' p$ Q% U2 X* K
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 b0 X& ^+ ]) |6 w3 y- x+ N& l. z, fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" N; _! i9 N. s# F
540
( r1 k5 Q3 p1 f6 I' w  [at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! \: f" J3 y! g8 ^- ~$ }) [the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  ?6 j1 D" D+ l5 K2 [& E9 u5 Ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 [' r4 l; p+ H8 N" @& r' IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 I: x* j* ?( G, {- i
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 y) `& C: B$ O: u/ C3 g7 U" cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 O/ A7 t6 v, C& M* lNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 k- r& k1 ]* M7 x) Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* K6 B, o# u8 {$ L& T1 vof papilledema.
: v* L1 J8 o8 u- U4 T' Y3 Z5 [( `Laboratory Evaluation$ k. f4 G3 X1 n; i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 ~# ?$ v; [* h, @  M; musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; Y% {2 }, i8 {% j7 Q6 v
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! D; m% Y' T8 i4 O0 @( L6 rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. Z3 D. o# S, m# d( L9 x
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' h7 Z* P, X( S; U' [/ q4 Elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., X; z; T. L+ a8 L, h! {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; q8 D, D3 S0 |9 a
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! a' u5 c' R9 G3 Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! T" K. f8 M, a/ N& `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ _) ~( B3 \& J; l8 Z% M* P8 y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# e, A2 i0 a$ j3 z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. z1 j/ z" E( |% c4 W, k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 Q0 S; j1 ^$ c/ s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( }5 b- F2 d) @: Z- e; ^: @
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. X" ~8 H8 z" w) l5 swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. Z. ^" N% V0 z7 p2 w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( C$ k. [& T; mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: D1 J% u; r! F+ {, s6 E
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 P7 U  ?& N& j& @* L0 ~
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  _; Y/ s: @, t6 }0 t& o
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: F% M" T9 Q- {6 N4 }2 `6 M% c
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! p$ K( o: X" s4 w2 d; |(prepubertal).3 F2 [2 j5 g2 ~8 j7 d5 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory. G& _4 M! N2 O) f' _" q/ o
results and were informed that all of the tests were( A8 X% u3 a/ j5 L' K
normal except the testosterone level was high. The- O" H( E1 R7 p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 d  d; z6 }$ o3 F& S, Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' \( U8 t- [- r' T) }& B# R  O
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( |* l' u( q$ [# n2 D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, ^6 I9 h+ K" C& Y- ^' }child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. K0 ]6 }; g" u3 ]2 q" k$ p' p3 ^2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 Q. {3 O% l' ~" O; Z
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 k1 f8 I. J$ h+ H) t  |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! ]2 E5 ^  q% J$ q1 h4 qthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
( k/ D" `$ N; p& I4 ^1 W, _& {4 RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! h1 G3 J$ }) o2 w6 _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 R7 u& o" Y. y2 Q7 i8 Ring frequent erections.5 V, c# A  b. q4 w, p# }* n
Both parents were again questioned about use of- @( Y. ]: f; \2 p  Q0 W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to7 X3 t4 g2 ^, x
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 ^- S# C9 m$ A" ]
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 m6 `# f. y& j3 d( f: `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, H1 b2 m9 o+ T, x  `
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, w/ L/ S0 X; Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  g2 r! h4 R. ~$ l7 O
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) U, L* B  g4 ]5 c# ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ N" g$ H2 P% i; a0 k# j
secondary to depression.
! D9 d7 a, J7 S: b( |The child slept in the same bed with parents.# ^1 N, o' g9 O' ]4 H( F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& Z' j+ t. I8 {9 {% s! l" achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' A+ Z; ~# K* V; }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 G+ }' L" t3 q$ S1 V& h% U
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 q7 S7 F8 z; `! b/ N# Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 K2 ?: ^3 K$ N
was high, he then read the product information
  N5 n2 r; s+ K( D3 ^9 [packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-. G( f) Y' Q7 l
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 k& p' Q* a4 q' h  [; B% e2 K
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; x6 P+ ~; G( J. @
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 v2 y# T; b- p. l' X! X' Nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 Z% B8 i' e* I' e0 {0 ?* s5 z; y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, R% {" B  h8 A1 P' \/ \% i: ]
laboratory to obtain the test.
! Q& ]9 O/ R3 ~" ZDiscussion
' L) |7 _  K7 `0 t' i, s: Y2 C3 zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 j+ [, h: i* k2 n: G$ L
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  L/ @) J( V# K4 l0 J, l# \( uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: y7 O) @. q; W! W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: W+ \. i% _* O$ \" l
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& P0 w& |# {. @: Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 t4 ?+ \& ^6 l. o- Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is, l5 i% o# H) G' u' ~
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% B2 J. K- v  p/ }7 f( oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, ]% [8 @' k3 A; |, ^0 rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 ?) {: q1 @9 @4 M; N9 `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 Y+ u4 Z2 [+ M7 Z& A1 Sization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* @% ?. S* {7 o/ b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" }4 x* \' K# \) I1 o. Z! hgonadotropins.1,3
% n1 J* Z- `9 _: ^Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" y$ P- {- R9 d$ G4 F9 T' @cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- S$ u/ H2 N2 [+ N5 T1 Aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 @5 n  |' |" ^9 eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 e% G5 b# J0 X$ A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) M. y0 @+ q3 F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& Q/ t5 m# y" ^- ]adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ G2 d$ }  M' l
puberty in boys.3,4$ T0 _) ?0 L* i1 I9 x: k
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 P  \9 f9 J3 Y1 S/ \% a7 Y
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., j" `5 Z! F  x+ }$ q" z/ m
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in  e% B: g4 J- i1 x0 d2 F, D& ^/ o$ Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 Z* X. D, y+ |
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  H( {/ _% }$ e) n, D
excess.1,3
" L5 O* u' g! _4 H2 ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  a2 n. P9 W; V. J7 {2 ~
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 N- w' I4 s$ J: ^% X5 z8 Y
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 Y& v) y; P1 H" C8 U/ z2 u- Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  m7 J- j! z4 Q$ A8 Ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* y4 m9 P: D( _8 `" D' Overy young age. The physical findings in these boys
* o. U- \1 \3 A0 Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,  ^* }4 _" M1 d( u5 w0 Z$ l
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 T* @) Y% h) `. {* N. qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ h$ m+ |% }* k, E8 S/ Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 }* J  ?+ ], t; N( opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 Z" E+ L1 L& ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 ?$ F" G( M; Z/ a5 ?% Nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
5 M7 |1 q, H4 Ymales; therefore, other male members of the family& p) T1 |$ M6 S/ Y# m( G. @
may have similar precocious puberty.3# }. n4 S  v7 u' r: v3 Z+ }
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' u0 r; y' a8 H" T# h0 n( f: @
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 e, v" Y# j2 h! u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ t( p+ N2 U% q! K5 K. k
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 z8 N$ S) R6 b! C$ O1 b% Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 Q$ S2 K0 j. c3 k* |% Ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
% a) t, ^9 g0 B$ {4 J( e/ ?4 k& N( N* dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 H6 P0 |. p0 K0 wative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" |" R' p/ k3 x' |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; ]+ y3 [$ p8 heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. C! ^. C8 n$ J; q) j! Sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-  _& ]' t) {+ f) ^1 ^" ?6 k  \
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& d4 g5 u( e( p4 K0 A5 G# x# PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, Y1 U& {" i/ P9 \& Q; Y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ Y! i) O/ M* I* y* T, A
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% _5 G% |, r1 u) k( ]6 lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, @& A! e3 ]! F; J: fdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( Z: ?! Z8 c4 B& o9 `. oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( u$ t  K  Q8 N7 c& d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’9 k7 p# m0 J( ]4 k2 f! v
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& w* S) v& v6 |2 Ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* ^- `* F) x! K9 tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 w, W! b8 V/ X. N0 i, V. xSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' M( W+ w/ Y$ V, I3 R; H/ w+ R
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! {, _4 W5 Z9 F  C
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# b: k+ T9 B5 I; j& ?
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 l" ~4 v8 p, a, Ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" N9 i0 H+ b& e( `8 IOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) g! D+ D5 l$ ^4 C/ x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* y! x7 E. @3 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* l+ U# J0 }/ V& F9 f
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 T% Y4 T2 {* f+ i+ k" R' q8 Q7 Wactive in young children exposed to testosterone. M8 d3 Q8 g% n: a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  m4 ?# q; H" t
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* J" N6 `1 s" u( `, Z9 ?, uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- u& o; ^' D- v* f4 y: R
children results in an increase in growth velocity and. c8 @6 h0 |2 S& b8 y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' p& [% b- M+ i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 o  q( x7 ?5 q+ _% l) Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final: W0 r5 V3 l1 d+ U
adult height are not fully known and always remain' P6 N; w2 t% m9 l9 J8 T- y- i3 Y+ R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- ^1 E8 O% a1 cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% V; T9 ?, I4 ?8 g& w+ ?
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" X* H  g  U# o4 f0 o7 Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" `* m# E- b6 ~/ C* k  Y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( n: L: f$ C3 N7 D
There are conflicting reports and controversy
& p, E& i/ _5 I7 bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* U" R3 W8 Y0 E5 N; i" j1 |( T
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 N0 y0 D/ N9 I! J  G" hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  W! ~. c. O! l* r" }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ o, T  i( W: b1 U. Q: `% XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ s) r4 ~6 L# f& y& U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, ^) l3 d. w9 Z8 L- hpenile length in clinical studies.- m" H* r$ F9 i4 N* v4 A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" T/ Z0 H# c6 `& u+ A. ]going to experience any of the untoward effects from
. Z/ `) e8 h/ C+ h6 m4 d6 D0 V1 T( X9 Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 A) b: h6 g! ?. A% h0 w. Y6 V
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 A3 h2 ?8 G7 Y3 tAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of& F5 m1 d1 |* w; e+ W/ }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ G" r9 f, f: o: }; _: _" W/ Lthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# B" g) t0 O( R' s) D3 z4 L6 u0 ^# Z
height will not be affected.
3 k2 X& F5 r5 b4 D6 D1 aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
  i# j4 ?& B3 a8 O% r5 Sability of androgen products in our society may
. R4 Q" E8 J7 P7 z( |- L" uindeed cause more virilization in male or female& d: ^& q: t- [4 ^+ c' @" h
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: z) f9 Z4 c% A. D3 Q1 K1 w5 ^
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ M) F, M4 Q% i* ^4 I! G
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. |! K$ j# C9 e! `9 Agel should be asked of the family members during
' \9 G0 e) J4 b5 K  z- a& f1 U$ Qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 ^/ V+ }2 ~! q( W* milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 Y7 a2 ]2 k9 ~& M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- a+ K. N( _) ^# _
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* h9 l3 H( w' {  |' Ehistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# v' X. \( [4 Q$ j9 x: s7 ^
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) K) ^" }! {3 F0 o* V! einvestigation. The primary care physician should be: q: g4 X4 U" j+ n7 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children! M/ ?3 E  G, Q7 h  ?$ j, r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) P0 h' R* |' Q6 @( h% nDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
  Y5 e- T" P  q0 F* \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; |. K* v8 X* Q. X$ W; u3 ], Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-
+ O% D2 T8 `: J- l7 `one using any of these products.
9 ^2 x* u! P% E9 ?1 ?References, l9 V( E) q" R7 \! m
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* j6 x- n) ]% \, }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 |5 k4 z) N5 V2 Z* _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 X2 M0 p1 G4 G' o9 E' A; w
2002: 565-628.2 s6 Z) |& }! c" _, s- a1 ~
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% ]3 l5 h* [/ f6 s* s$ H& U
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* J9 h- r; [* u2 p1 G
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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