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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( \" n+ B+ F5 I" u  ~6 B  R2 t
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 Z  `0 U9 ~& _) \Exposure to Testosterone
. _% F6 Z8 \$ T% @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
) M5 p& l8 Y8 y& F4 y# c; {and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) u0 \; A8 R) q% C: J7 e2 U1 z& \Clinical Pediatrics
( J" C) c" J2 h. XVolume 46 Number 6! H; k$ r5 w( t
July 2007 540-543$ e+ g/ [5 w! `3 R! Y4 J/ j
© 2007 Sage Publications
+ ]3 s/ F& H0 |% l( C: [2 h! Q10.1177/0009922806296651* @, `$ C/ T8 `/ V  Q* _! x4 H
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 q8 F  [; T9 Whosted at7 f0 d, b/ V2 S+ Q' e9 z' V( Y
http://online.sagepub.com+ w, v: @, r- p2 {) E1 @6 R9 l9 ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 c* L% Q0 H( E- s. b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, {5 P. ~' a4 K2 w: x4 W; Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. P8 t% |! W4 y: S$ o' T! ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 y- j; ?( G! H3 _+ h) ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 v, g" x: V0 }5 elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ L3 ~$ z3 F! d1 i+ _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' l. A2 e5 S0 o. v8 Z7 s% p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 k! p# B* o8 U, e6 ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 u  b' M2 V# I$ Y2 J' ~$ W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ [4 l0 t; ~1 r. b- R
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
- f8 j% K4 A3 S0 rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' B8 O; e% `' z0 X9 Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* Q2 ^1 U! f( ~5 w
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( o+ Q* P7 d- ~# `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) r8 F6 z% K# m1 v3 v& ?child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 ~# U5 W& g3 ?3 k3 @& c* m) _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; U. d7 G' M& u! F0 m, T* A/ J/ [bly more common than the rare case report in the
! o3 @8 I8 h' Jliterature.4" }" x3 J2 n3 i; E2 ^0 O
Patient Report
1 I& W9 y  R0 K2 E' V0 \) YA 16-month-old white child was referred to the% _+ k- \8 L- X0 E
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 S/ a! a. C4 \+ X0 O& e
of early sexual development. His mother noticed0 m# X! m% K6 u4 y' g( f
light colored pubic hair development when he was
  A* \* `/ x9 Q/ D" GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 Q& k4 J% J+ ^5 {# l5 b5 U
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: }/ @# o! v9 m' Z- _Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& K+ k7 x8 d+ z% e7 p4 hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: o( a% u% ?$ U2 x# P/ AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& K  z' Q+ _- p6 Q& r& Q1 Y3 B8 De-mail: [email protected].! d# W2 E+ T( \4 S* K
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' I- X+ _& ]. I# I. ^- z8 |
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  }' v3 ~" g; h: L) Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 E- C0 c. p2 A4 [# rwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" Y. }: }( R; Z  h  p
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 c3 `; B! m8 W6 ?+ ~( [) }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! Q% r$ X/ i; w$ g& mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 Q  I: c' W3 R7 l& \) b* k* I
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 t5 h+ k) T: c: F" }4 m4 p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 e$ O( ^. S* W0 O7 i8 A
was age appropriate.
4 h0 }) D9 q& T+ i7 C/ ^2 FThe family history was remarkable for the father,# I5 s0 \! h6 _4 \, b
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 y( V7 G$ |; }  Q+ J) f
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ y1 O0 @% ~2 W; X1 A5 kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 v7 ?6 v9 Y0 x* c6 q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.: h) _9 i/ C6 l+ O- Z) P
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 j' S+ ^5 q1 }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) m# T% ]' S9 {6 O0 H# u
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( p( V' F% F+ n7 t7 J) f3 N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* g+ }1 E* j! L) ~4 R, C7 L; h
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& Q9 w8 ^$ ~3 G$ H+ s
tives. There were no siblings.. l; f3 r! S/ w6 j
Physical Examination
, m$ q4 r8 o/ E( v0 EThe physical examination revealed a very active,) B0 }+ v3 D4 g# L# p
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 W# \8 A8 o7 q2 `4 J7 o  }
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 C  t" X, X; r0 [+ Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
7 g3 N/ g; C$ m( H5 @. q' G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; I* z5 W+ ]' {2 H# m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, j6 S  H. r, rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! _* r  T) A, L# k; u( u; z6 f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 n% F/ {" b# o; ^! F, E4 S
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ ^( s% \1 u5 G; O7 Z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 \, w, S6 R, K) i6 `! J9 U4 Q+ H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 L& r5 p1 E* N" r. I540
1 h1 l% N$ T) D4 O2 U& ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! [, E7 ^; m1 I- g1 xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' O: e4 Q9 w0 J9 W  W: J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; q/ D. l/ O( E+ ?) U. PThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& J+ z) V* y' F2 \3 m. @oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 L. ^3 o( ]# ?, U# p0 a" M$ R
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ @! U& g5 d, d9 U; |3 d0 INeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 ^1 Z8 u3 q2 z, `* P1 _  Sbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. X* Q  d1 y0 }( M( ]0 d
of papilledema.5 A0 g3 h0 N4 V3 O5 q! A
Laboratory Evaluation( M$ `+ d, x/ t+ {6 b% O' m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% a' F$ k. n" j0 ]
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" x: a1 ?: B% R: W) z
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( a. b! ^; k# S! x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 |1 Z% P7 Z  T/ t) k' E5 j4 Jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% ?6 Y5 W, t  N* D- rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ w( Z$ |8 r/ _7 }( \  MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 T, G: `( m( P1 U9 durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 X7 ]& T/ Q/ [  Y7 V
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 g* D9 m4 B5 n% H8 H1 {of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! b2 `6 T: q- E7 U: A$ n& c# N6 [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ G  ]) U8 M" h6 C% Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* ~6 }" P0 {+ J! d0 X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," z" y- m& M$ g" S' {- \. m8 r/ H) D- o
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- O7 a; A" H) k. Z8 x* w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& ^- S/ }$ l5 |: X, mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ n& x+ J9 Z0 c5 A" R2 F2 htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ C+ \* X0 v. T/ gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 p2 z8 M: z8 I4 e+ d9 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: M! h" u6 B6 V* b9 y8 x# W2 @
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' q: E  w# z1 _2 k8 D. {. Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 r3 ?7 Q% t& ~7 T" z7 [" o: b
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 A; l0 e+ W' S8 R+ i$ o(prepubertal).
& `9 E7 v, K8 d4 o0 `  T0 QThe parents were notified about the laboratory, j7 L3 p7 G& K  N5 I
results and were informed that all of the tests were$ H5 i) l& y6 L# [  G/ _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 Y6 r6 e3 p( W2 A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, V* \2 v# }8 q, I3 k1 wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  O) b$ p( a- f+ `- ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( P' I. [  m. V
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" r: l# E: v; a5 q9 Vchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 {  _2 A  B- f3 X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 p2 V  L3 j" A8 A& y) q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: ]1 I$ U3 t+ M7 f) Xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 s7 }! O6 ~  ?1 D; Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 Z+ g7 J2 I  A$ v' O6 LmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 K  `2 O& {- x" S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 z" w! g, K7 Z! E3 |4 V) N7 u+ [ing frequent erections.) Q9 ?0 W# r$ Q/ V3 B5 k6 G% z" T
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 \1 x7 ]( B# ?0 O  {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 `  @1 c. W3 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. Z/ a7 C( b* Z8 B5 s$ F5 {Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 J8 q, N0 B6 r1 A' T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& B& \0 m. T' Y7 xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. j6 j* m' D& I2 j* l- V8 A" W% sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" m. l$ P$ p0 m, a* W5 B+ U+ b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
0 Q! u% b* h4 F4 Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido! s6 p( Y& Q) ~" w2 b
secondary to depression.8 Z! W8 I: O2 Y- X$ L6 {8 a0 @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.: U$ W3 Q# V7 z! h# p& a2 ?+ Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 f4 P5 k1 d2 D# _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% \. N3 A6 {( r# o7 w$ w( l) b
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& G* g  _  l& p4 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,; x; ]& T% V" C" L7 `6 \
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* ^% U" h. z+ o" X7 t$ |2 W3 h
was high, he then read the product information) G: G1 `; I+ R$ i' v4 |3 j5 f
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 y* B' \) S) A% ?' q: }' X, pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 z# w+ V+ g7 o4 T  o8 m' Q! ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' ]( `7 a0 f! A/ c8 D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; }  y  W1 Z' d. v2 Q  i& S3 Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 b5 \2 a! B+ J3 H8 Utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& J4 j) _/ h  {/ x8 Q" K9 e
laboratory to obtain the test.% a* x& [0 ^6 h6 I) h
Discussion2 l, N7 j- r- L& v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 F' O; P9 t4 j7 X, c( Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! h1 T" o9 D% BPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: e$ A) Q3 n- K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( B" `$ ?% u1 R3 {0 E5 athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 H1 a+ F* _* O5 f  \
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, ~: r; t; U' X) q2 m) @9 jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
3 N  S& E: @8 s3 q, \responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# K6 @4 \3 U' A" A, ?1 zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, y; |( J( Y* K# M# F  a2 h* z
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 {4 G! k: b, [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; i4 l$ j# a0 Rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ \1 ^; ^- @' t5 crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# P& f7 U1 ?" z5 F
gonadotropins.1,3. y4 N9 L3 O3 f; P. t
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 C5 c  i( b3 h! q' f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 Z2 n" B/ A: o! X$ l/ Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" K2 C$ E# Y) _  c. Jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. p$ G; k1 M1 c! L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% p* B- B& [; w  s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# O+ q  t5 P% i# M' S) p* e
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( C# }. G2 b. K
puberty in boys.3,4
! y0 T: W8 T; Y' S0 E  DThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, l: S0 `! G! d; f' ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 j/ M& U! j5 f- k+ X4 y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 N  E) P7 ?& p$ zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, A0 x4 F* m& c8 l# n8 Wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 L: h+ z" H$ @$ @% g7 \7 Nexcess.1,3( ~# [0 Q  s% |7 R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! m' H' U' N6 Q$ w# s
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% y, X& S3 B6 T" R9 L5 FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 \' w6 t! L$ }( V
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# C3 |* R# K7 g/ y! P/ n- bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 t7 k# F  c' w$ X
very young age. The physical findings in these boys* d( }7 N0 r9 X* q) h7 ?
with this disorder are full pubertal development,  w* O9 ^  u+ f8 _. c4 d4 R' O7 r
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; @7 y6 V0 P" }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( z, N: a1 a: X
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# {9 e! m$ C, x- K  \
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) r- i/ z7 D' e3 L- ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' Y" N4 @$ z7 T3 L: W2 Y/ s! m2 r/ Xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only* f1 H& U1 `: g+ `4 R" x( M; r: G
males; therefore, other male members of the family
# C: y# n: y# }) G( Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 }. T/ D' f5 R5 CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 e- m6 c9 I, Q" ]7 q/ T/ ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 f% U1 C7 {1 R7 h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: i1 E3 }0 F: O8 g8 W8 wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father. t0 ]1 V' X# ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) ]6 D8 Q. t% O9 H' t, i  a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* D/ d- `; X' `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  ?! ]: S- M; v, ]& E: C5 a/ @3 r
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' x, Z7 D0 I& \; }5 A8 Z2 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) z2 v0 ~7 {9 J- Yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* C6 c$ r# R/ K" j0 R( h' G
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 ?. E( L+ P  r' x2 i% O& Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids., f, ~; x6 x; k5 {! q: ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 Q9 [% Z6 }7 F& y& D. B! [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. G  `  g  v( C7 a
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. K: M! y5 x0 U3 Y3 zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 V' u9 \/ t$ \! X! `- X" }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' A* n3 p- S/ ?+ X( [4 Y2 d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 r% J! s9 z3 o- G) s- z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( o, F% [7 y0 y  _- CDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; b( F  d% I+ y0 ^: Y) W- z9 Dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  d+ Q* t. a9 \, [, V- w" z5 @: ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.# j5 h" f6 G1 f8 x0 w
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 A; E4 }2 L0 N( |% z' D6 Bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to) I' x) Q: q  [' H" a4 {
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 }3 `' ?  n) {1 f& g) z# {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ p, x4 C, a: y/ p7 P' Q' ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 m: D+ E$ ?. F6 T# g0 M' GOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 s6 z& C) S1 ?which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 ]$ U( o; Z! P' Zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 ]9 s2 c& W- d9 }9 I" tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
, E( [6 D1 L) {' `6 W1 G6 b! ]( Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone3 ~* c9 N. ~% V% \
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- E1 k2 N) E7 y2 j+ ~9 q+ Ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, o/ d: Y1 P/ ~
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in$ u6 Q# U) B" p+ C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 e& F! m0 s# Y/ w1 Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: w  A( _  ?! g! k8 wThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' C1 R! u  z: S) learly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 ?% \9 X+ H2 e  ~1 Gadult height are not fully known and always remain
9 _& i  q! D: ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  T) a& O% S, j9 hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 y. O, Y* k# X% uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 N1 z1 h% c% B4 ]" M5 C8 u
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' s4 q1 ]! p( e3 }
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: ]8 n+ ]1 l7 yThere are conflicting reports and controversy
5 l$ E9 L' l+ o3 |3 Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 n0 b# E- G3 T6 k/ f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ m6 d3 A' R1 _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# r! A" W- I& f5 C( V) _ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: A' k/ b5 E& {! b5 I6 _  p
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ X  ?+ j$ t" C. C% Echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) r0 ~8 |$ l' H7 r1 vpenile length in clinical studies.
4 f% k  L# d9 @5 a6 ~' mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 u- Y' J" M* h# D! a% N2 k: L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from) E; G/ \& }/ K! {
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: e5 E- W$ h! Y( I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# L1 o8 x$ [+ Z" S2 o$ w* G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' x4 @; o4 R' ^% T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 n; l' O% }$ x3 `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 g4 `, y  U4 c5 ~+ Jheight will not be affected.6 o3 q- p+ v+ l3 p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 A8 s& }9 N& \1 U1 d6 h8 @0 m  w. d
ability of androgen products in our society may) a2 Z) N: ?/ T: F' U; o
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# z5 \+ y3 o' j4 W0 |: w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; F. x4 v8 G; I( c- X0 g* ]1 D/ Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-# A0 R2 z2 s0 |. \+ c. F! h
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: t2 g2 j% d/ ?) }$ o* I6 h% lgel should be asked of the family members during( T% e$ g7 N2 t
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( M) S: x4 Z) j/ R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( M5 Z! C& s5 u3 b6 p  R  fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 ?) h( K* d( {6 X0 v! |/ b( A/ Aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 T$ K) I+ H) Nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* u& c. i4 l& n5 P3 S* bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! X2 F, _% f( o' linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
/ P* ~& q( p+ u4 Vaware of this fact, because most of these children
& b4 _, v2 C) S$ b1 hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" R6 f" k! b+ v; M/ @% dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ x8 E# z; P" j# ?2 zwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ X% a8 O% B' t% h6 v9 P8 afemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 Q7 ?/ M& ]6 [+ o% T* Hone using any of these products.3 k& R2 N. r& v+ G: Y; u0 x
References
+ _% z$ x* f3 E& U( A; F1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# L4 r! h& F: J- H- c) M. b. h, ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( d' c5 e) ^5 ]5 NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 v7 ]4 x; c; X2 L: r
2002: 565-628.; N# o' S+ ]  v2 R: J" Z0 [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' I) K! u& V, u' w2 r8 S/ t" U3 \+ K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( [  Z6 ~& M; V8 n
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
2 [7 e# g7 u" v* Q; f5 ^Exposure to Testosterone
" A/ q* U  F1 q* X; A5 z/ `0 j3 y/ XSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ C  t1 r# h: H1 X: s" Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 F8 P: l/ o- D2 ~" `5 T, ]Clinical Pediatrics
# Q. r3 r) L5 h, U. bVolume 46 Number 6& J" t  }6 C) @  E! p! U
July 2007 540-5433 m( c8 l# T+ R. l5 n& T2 g7 h
© 2007 Sage Publications( a/ Q4 r3 y0 B0 p* ^4 H
10.1177/0009922806296651
- z3 ?) j) F/ [' Jhttp://clp.sagepub.com. ?$ k& c. z! J+ Y9 X, _
hosted at
$ r1 K! Z9 m; c' c) [1 L: N) S2 k9 e0 Vhttp://online.sagepub.com
) k4 N$ J5 [) U- _# U2 _Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* d1 A; L, h8 K; D- t- yis a significant concern for physicians. Central6 T( _3 E) P2 d+ T6 g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: [1 C0 o+ p! b4 p* ithrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- j+ n) r5 c6 sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 D9 m* x  g+ i; w, `# M/ Dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 z5 ]2 K* ]# D% d/ F) F4 a# wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- P$ o2 L: e6 m# q  O, E, p# z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: h3 {0 @$ G" W5 ]) f3 C( wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 @, T) h$ X1 {6 r: _3 l6 t* \7 Mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! H- [$ f( ?' G( Jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 u! g. P( v: F6 J* {$ M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. M4 I) Y$ H2 Q) {* T  T- G1 i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' V! I9 L' Y& A! h( ~
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 N0 H3 ~1 A& |( G8 n# bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 N1 x1 F: p  g' Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of; A* A2 a4 s# X7 U; N) U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  v* E- ?1 B6 I3 u( c" r5 w& Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the) `) g. ]: \1 K' A
literature.4, Q3 ~1 c4 A9 v
Patient Report# K; }, v1 P% y8 D0 F( [. O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 A. f' N3 P0 W" f; i8 Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& u' {# G+ X* E2 p
of early sexual development. His mother noticed* J+ Z) z' G+ c* m& ?4 i2 @( m
light colored pubic hair development when he was
# m6 o: l3 }7 ?0 I6 T- x4 oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( K  s$ }/ ]8 d! z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! w# L( t3 M' v, F" dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# {* n# s, {; L$ M
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 T  \1 ?+ Z! l' H) x# iMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 J' q, I0 @) ^: B/ m$ o' ~+ ^
e-mail: [email protected].% t$ c  b( e, V+ `. d+ ~
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- Y# }, B1 i3 F- G/ {2 ~6 ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 G$ F8 l! E: U. r8 H: [7 |6 ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% L6 P' N6 G0 c7 }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; p( \( f2 Q' r$ f" n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& o. j3 ?! A' ^20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ I4 `4 O0 y8 ?9 k5 D5 Xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 K" m  b" {2 Fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" ]2 m# T+ O: [4 T8 d! hand his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 g  z/ Z: j8 g2 \. ~
was age appropriate." @) k( U" a4 r  o6 j& u
The family history was remarkable for the father,8 D4 d5 X' c+ v& A
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 h% H0 |: T# i
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ u4 k. q5 ?; p% v( _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 c8 G% y/ U  Y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! I9 t8 W& z9 O) ^: ?- z4 s8 rThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' P+ T0 l2 b8 q7 ^6 p/ pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- ?/ T9 m( t% m/ zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' L2 r& J9 x7 l2 y3 s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* d7 g% R( L* z; ucocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& x5 \1 d" _& p+ ~* S* |, r) f
tives. There were no siblings.
; g" q. S, c& c9 n' I8 @% e' VPhysical Examination
, h+ T7 \0 @" PThe physical examination revealed a very active,
* F' D1 `! A" G4 `) F- O4 f) a4 h- Kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& B9 x: k  N) f% ]$ v0 Za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ R0 L1 b0 E+ E  q6 d1 G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ m% ?: v' _; ~/ g8 `$ a6 i(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; w% m2 e, C2 D. o& Tvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 e$ h& ], t) |( {" u' z& D0 x; Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. l( [$ F& L" B' ?- m' \
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: Y  @" \- c% a6 N: denlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 T3 n) I! y7 m2 N. {& c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
0 ~3 S/ F2 s/ w. Y# R. |* Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# e! R4 i- ]0 z8 L% Q
540
2 X" w" Z3 R: Q% B# oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& x) {! }8 f: w9 G1 }! @8 ^7 h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 G3 r3 P; N  R0 g
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* l0 J: g6 o7 f% q5 g. A% EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" c6 a# E! ?+ X2 c
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 s& @+ t7 u, j$ yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 _) k' }" K4 T& kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) M2 H- X  v/ R8 T) m  s1 kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% X7 b1 X% Q' t' r& @of papilledema.) u0 A7 k' p8 d) d3 J
Laboratory Evaluation
. U9 \0 b- `4 Z. s  A1 S, RThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  \/ u/ Y2 o1 S, R- b/ Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  _/ j! Y- [6 G% [% L: Z  S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ Y% `% |" D# @; L$ Q' ]
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 C5 t) a6 S" W) X4 F" E, pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" E/ }* H- z+ c& Z1 }2 \" z) d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; W9 F+ ^7 A$ E& \+ S" M
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% c* m" X" F  P3 a
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ B4 c* w6 s# P% Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
# ~$ p! n9 F; H) c4 @+ _/ rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 a. E, D% e# ^" Z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ R. N6 ~+ {: @  q) u& ?/ {8 D
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-! |! c$ ]' S) z. X7 P
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
! g: {- y$ r4 ?5 Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; V& A9 n; S1 U, K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
/ @" U9 F2 F. q* Ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) h* F/ y7 E+ H! _( W: X
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ u$ z, w- v& V* |. O, l8 Jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% Z1 ?! Y1 r; N4 V8 y( b; \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: A2 \+ p0 _# S; h8 [) g5 ]2 q1 H6 n
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ T* q, n  A3 ]- ^, Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' y; @4 `: v( P* c( ^7 V) Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 N  G: [! y# B. K7 w9 z' u0 w( s
(prepubertal).
0 I8 U9 P! f/ }7 i# R4 bThe parents were notified about the laboratory; T# w/ q2 @: ?( N! Q
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ N% e$ S0 J( S3 v2 D1 Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The
( R- w3 I" A. r9 Tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 y5 c) B+ }/ P8 |1 j0 I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- y. m0 ^& y) L! Z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.% V( _# Y0 }6 U) L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the! ?: f- M  _8 c$ C/ _% m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! y* b" l" f" X: S2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 r5 c. F  E. b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 r+ X% @7 A0 h* O  p$ Ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 ]( O8 n  I" M% D
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- R4 {$ a0 U) u7 y0 C% m  w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, x9 O; |4 y7 ?  t8 l3 E1 fThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% N4 D+ v8 K  p" k4 p( Hing frequent erections.4 d% Q5 r& i% T
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 p5 s! G" q0 p3 s8 l" V
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ i( j- d! x$ U/ X0 ^6 q2 H3 O. uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 A9 ^1 t4 ?% d3 E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" b' k& a& w0 luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 v, G6 ?8 {7 j; n0 qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 V8 ]8 H$ B9 Q% k
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) K* K  l+ I3 ~" kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ _- X- E% l+ C) _  jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; T4 B! C; A% L6 K/ g6 C) U$ @2 xsecondary to depression.; a/ M, S" x% t# H# H0 T/ u3 Y
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
, }+ J9 ?: D* M+ {6 cThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: O8 l* a+ b: vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! V: I8 x* K& E7 @( i
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# e8 {4 I' Y, n0 A+ m5 Y3 |; K% DThe father also admitted that after the phone call," \% H( q; \- a  }1 l' u7 I8 a" w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ ^0 E4 F3 R3 M/ b* Zwas high, he then read the product information
# h; _0 A( J# R( b9 ?3 Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( M9 s  g2 f' Z' i9 k# }2 U
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& e: B3 g9 ]. e% I; Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 h: _# f' E1 R$ t- Q0 o! k
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 U- `( k. k+ C. L/ Y
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% ~) M% b7 B7 B" W+ vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* W9 w3 c( S( e* {0 h: ]laboratory to obtain the test.4 ?2 K. }$ l/ j& H; R1 g9 j
Discussion. d0 ?  M3 q+ b  Y* B7 f$ W% V
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 q/ }6 M$ _5 |0 K2 I! jsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 Y5 n9 c$ f. T* JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 O4 q7 Y5 ^$ O8 V# f5 p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-5 {3 j& u2 v! ~9 H. w( [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) ^& a' W, V# L' Y) b" h' xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: L- Q4 [, b$ n' Q8 @4 N) W  ^7 p/ N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is% O5 ?" j: g% p$ ~
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 M* t; B0 a1 P: A) _  H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 C9 `5 b7 O& W( _) L4 w+ G9 p# Psis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  j1 m, M$ q8 N4 Z+ lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ V6 N2 D. d5 |ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) v* m& r" J$ @6 Hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* R# N+ V" N  F! n4 U0 m. E9 L
gonadotropins.1,3
' C. I" Q2 u9 U5 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ _3 f' p8 ^& h) ?1 c
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 A( f1 V4 B8 }5 ^
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% O& i* @2 \- I1 R: mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: F4 J1 M0 W( Q1 x% ^5 Nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( Z. p, s9 |: C8 Pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. K: u2 t% \* I# N9 badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 s- e6 ^7 ]3 a( E8 P/ L) G& Ypuberty in boys.3,43 \  X* A3 M! H2 y9 h
The most common form of congenital adrenal, Z/ {" w) Y4 I# P) H% X
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 o/ Q( O4 f% BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( @. L: ]0 R+ d  v
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: U7 U& ~. k# d& lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 E# d! O6 B  p& iexcess.1,3' H9 ?3 H5 p. r, M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 @& ]6 R9 S/ ~& U; F; I8 a542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  a0 Q+ i; W4 o
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* \. M1 h% S: p! s# V( \5 K9 Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: B. w! j. I  C
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 x3 @3 C" Q! G: d" u$ ^' r9 ^" K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 L0 ~. O1 ~' v! v# W8 r+ ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 f1 _  v9 g% u4 q* Y/ I7 [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* H# Y: D! e6 R& a2 Hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) S4 _3 Z* K; C/ H% _are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 Z" N9 A  t( a" ]. ~+ d. Y, ?pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- C7 b1 P! j3 p4 H2 mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( u* e, q/ ]5 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 f4 }, }! L% s' p4 N2 F- imales; therefore, other male members of the family  ]. Z9 ]4 x/ @" c& d; @' @7 S7 A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 N: l' l. J% v7 o$ E3 h4 c1 WIn our patient, physical examination was incon-2 F5 c$ y3 A4 w8 a2 b) J( ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 O* K. i4 Y6 ?2 s, ^2 x  Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* o* o! y; g. i' [, y' G% Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ N- Z# P) y. I# ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# E( v. z$ v% D1 a: N  y/ g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( H) c' L& S) [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) N1 Q5 w$ U- B' w1 I5 }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 S0 M+ X1 U8 O( w# X1 O2 ^# jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" h" s# s! D7 C# w6 B. l2 o+ geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) l0 D1 ^+ W1 I! M( B5 q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  n( k% W/ G7 X" f, bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  X) y5 N# U1 }2 W+ j
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) h: e4 L6 H* r+ ?; [9 \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 I( Y' `- i1 Z  L, Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- K! N) W) X5 U$ N& z7 K7 p6 G( O( ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, @  O3 Q0 V0 qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" l( B( `5 r5 \) \- `. p! g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# r8 k* s& f* g. Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’9 w, j4 b. m/ W! h
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% S, B1 x% {4 l3 c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% {6 {4 b5 Y% e. N& L1 h2 m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ Q* Q; V. P" z9 c! BSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: B) T( r2 }$ [, D/ ]' ?baseline value in those females who were exposed to  }5 T( y* s. D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. ?+ l' ^" ?  O# [% }2 P& M
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 `3 F6 N( ^& y$ I2 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
: \4 }$ T6 r7 j' i9 tOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 U7 R+ S/ [3 F8 E7 v; ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ o1 g) f6 P  u* `
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' i  ~* V6 S0 l) R% vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' u* N' J$ J5 g
active in young children exposed to testosterone" I, c0 u( T2 e' q& {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ e8 y3 z; ~$ Y3 W* x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! d) _' K3 e( @0 t3 z8 P+ g! `
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 T# I, i+ _* {  }( h8 S+ e, tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& ~7 m- T0 T  x  n( P6 O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ v5 v& b' n# e; [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 [& a- V8 |$ L7 t$ x
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# {4 g; j1 Q7 k" |# jadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 X  W* a6 _4 B# C+ aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- {% n* ]* W2 v: H' ^* A' g/ I8 i
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: Y$ L3 t  k; c1 s  F0 U! U  k1 aacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" Y/ a4 b$ k0 h6 v! b8 G
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 f: A7 |7 B% W) r( N) L! Z. M
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 F+ `+ S4 c: \0 s" ]; [( q; J* IThere are conflicting reports and controversy
4 K) Y: E; O* {/ a* m0 H3 }& cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% i+ @  [6 }) P. _: |* ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 ^' f* @0 {% |. _! ]4 Eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! N9 M& M# N% z1 k& _" V
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 l  s$ r; ~4 k5 }: WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 u' C$ w3 {: `2 Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, i' m+ O" S: y+ R: Vpenile length in clinical studies.
* w  s; o3 ?! Q/ mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) T# x; X8 i3 s3 T: I- b8 e' @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 \- E& ]* m$ z% F( U4 ntestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because% C! t; J1 v+ ?$ U! b* r$ q: Q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! c2 @: T  h8 t6 j5 B5 Q* H0 [Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ I# V% t6 s" U7 X0 R# J) A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: T9 G- H5 V: R& K9 r( x: z3 |( [
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
% U  Q. @7 q) ~" n2 G% S2 \. wheight will not be affected.
1 b3 F3 R0 ~( H! fAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 I; [; a: Y! ?1 ?: E6 y; q
ability of androgen products in our society may0 U9 z  G. M. ]9 I4 A7 {( b3 y9 Z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* \9 ~# b* O* M, M3 D0 dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' e; i: a' ?% ^* x1 n6 Q0 Q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) I+ L' m- B& D! m8 ?: V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 W$ }2 j, P' U' h- P& U. Hgel should be asked of the family members during' R) D: F7 L0 v! Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 m) E" \% _* {3 Y/ c& z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 M: U; z" Q' G5 X# [& @. @
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. U/ R6 r5 ^/ G! W
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 g7 s; L1 W! Q0 thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 Y& b$ y  ~+ j
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 X8 d9 U. q+ B: t' B
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. c4 e% R# T- _0 x* ], Taware of this fact, because most of these children* w3 Y5 n' S& }6 q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  }/ |2 T! B5 a/ IDesk Reference and package insert should also put a7 w  A% V0 j' c7 K' h! U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: m5 s! A7 c6 l; N% p& e' w# c$ @female child who might come in contact with some-$ h- d6 k8 }1 o3 h' X, x  N
one using any of these products.
8 S! E# V& d* C$ K3 _6 pReferences* H5 F; f9 d, p  R
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation- t' ^4 T/ M" Y5 g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, A8 X  `3 K/ m2 v; ~/ c
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ y) S2 O) n6 A- ^  n% j  N/ h2002: 565-628.
/ B0 b9 v- A! R. p( B! k% a& x& i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 d8 s. H: K6 {# v  {* x2 Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

. S" m- g/ b1 o4 l- g6 X& k+ v: {精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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