- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 ^9 }. e* p5 G- ]Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 U$ c8 t4 O3 K( G3 i0 j7 w
Exposure to Testosterone
' z; |0 J# [0 ~7 }0 oSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. f% s& x3 f7 C; {! g
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" G0 C) [5 p5 sClinical Pediatrics2 ^- B: F6 v1 y& K- m
Volume 46 Number 64 V- Y }5 k) ^9 ^4 a4 Y' D& Y
July 2007 540-543
2 ?: B- S0 ~# Y/ Z# @& K9 n© 2007 Sage Publications( Y( z# }) R$ k3 O" M4 j
10.1177/0009922806296651! b/ [0 I8 U* e& g- E0 [8 u: O
http://clp.sagepub.com8 F, _ A+ ~4 Q# H- F
hosted at
, I2 X4 t& a; qhttp://online.sagepub.com
, ^+ H0 L. Z* m4 O" X. e" s L- fPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ n. z. K) }( k( t( F; His a significant concern for physicians. Central
* G4 T1 z4 |" tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 t, ]0 `( ?) T: x; wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 b; C8 q0 n/ B
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 d* {& [' ~" z1 ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 C$ X+ d- c4 R3 Q6 H. n, }& b
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! A+ N9 R j- u/ t8 |
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ O# ?# X. ^( i0 }! e) W ~. bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- Z; @9 F% W4 p! d! T4 H# P/ ^report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" b8 O, L: R" o3 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 L; ^! q, J/ L& Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due% S7 n+ W- _8 H; @2 I
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 j! ]; J5 `, A9 |. n' [$ dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: L7 a; i; `9 w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# g \& ]2 p) ~- _7 o5 X8 ^5 W
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. t# b: v" J2 G! ]5 R0 T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' d( \! J; B. u. d+ A& @" E
bly more common than the rare case report in the$ ~+ O# |; v7 p' g
literature.4$ Q& v; j4 s: S" I) Z7 l4 u# ~
Patient Report
5 g/ ]8 ?4 t) o' ^$ @/ CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! g/ ]. K0 K" ~. F2 Fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" {2 z0 V3 o9 P r4 s# s5 ?: Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" f6 `- D0 h% ?+ S" z" ~* z/ N/ ?light colored pubic hair development when he was: C$ l! N, M8 C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( a) `+ t) S! e! G. e7 ^" pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ e q3 |' b) T0 z1 ~ MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 G; P5 v- `; E4 c$ z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" R4 m3 J# w, ~- e& q8 a# o6 M
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ m# O' H0 W& \+ j* O, k6 H
e-mail: [email protected].9 I5 f1 V# j: L! k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* }# M6 a$ M s2 ?
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& q' o9 j" J, C; L2 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: l; D0 H/ V7 }) Q0 _' A- x2 Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 v" B3 s) r) m0 p8 j6 F1 Xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 i h3 X! m* ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( h W" g0 n' Y! _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# b( S2 ~0 c0 E/ n+ j8 Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 }! O$ d" a' j+ `' M' j" L8 i+ band his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 h; C( s9 B( k0 J- x) l1 T- ~( c6 i8 C
was age appropriate.1 @ P8 h8 ?& a
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, y$ a; Z1 N4 |% e) U; _5 x* twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! k! }/ c; s; J- R5 y" E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ J2 [6 L0 F9 X1 K, H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& c e b- e% ?6 L- A- zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 V, L( p$ i5 B
The father denied taking any other medication. The( K: ?. o# s9 }9 o7 @8 W x# M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% |; n- n+ ]- w( y8 a/ @! N; Y0 Swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* @2 F7 |! F0 ]. K- S+ k) _0 u7 w. R
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, w$ {* i1 w1 k; { ?cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( W7 r& W/ ~; ~" G; f+ L) ]
tives. There were no siblings.
: {. I( n& Z9 TPhysical Examination* V! H0 ^( F* ^! J4 O; q
The physical examination revealed a very active,# q$ k% J3 j8 h( Z4 u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% V! l( `4 L& h2 A, i* l0 u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; v- f8 c) T8 p90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% s; q# `! M7 U8 R3 a$ D7 k
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 [0 Q' U9 B) qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 N! S) c" I G* v% h0 q* ]& L- X
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 C n! q3 c8 c3 L; F
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: F! |# L2 @0 K2 [: t# f9 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ D+ Y3 g. W$ ], R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- W7 L# w! M3 T# i! U# V
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 X t7 s$ ~) M* c e y5 J$ U) \540
5 ~0 U8 x8 O! Y# _/ Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ o/ c/ e& |) v7 i$ I" dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 E' @% x" o# ~/ t) [( s( c8 Y5 [, X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 A' H7 k3 D+ O. J+ I1 Q, M: IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& y/ ?9 o2 N! P) C# i
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
d8 q- a& R2 g( \3 i/ G: nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., S4 Z: O; z! K9 F: D+ f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! D$ x1 n+ V1 e- A# c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" |6 c3 e+ k. V. L" s1 [of papilledema.6 d0 t2 @& F! h( ]/ H2 V
Laboratory Evaluation" f& D( C" Y- V1 ]! `, t3 \8 m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: w* R/ l& K, M4 k3 M
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* @/ @+ G/ n( M' H% _) S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
[1 |6 b9 X7 Q Q, f- Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! p% |$ d$ N/ {* e% D( W4 Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ `0 [8 q0 B$ G3 Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
W8 e4 P% X; F2 v! f& WThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" }& Y% i3 a* i( f1 C3 b" {
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# m8 V S1 P8 E( u9 L. }5 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 j; s* J5 C7 fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) K# j; b6 S/ I( _# {& J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ P( P' w6 n" dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) e f6 ^; V3 C7 c3 ~terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( N/ H4 }7 L% }- N& Z( {" qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; Z- x6 H$ C, L' l+ k, s
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' }9 a8 E- u+ h' H4 U; `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' {: I( p1 L% j3 jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* n' }8 W# a- s1 S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, t5 ] N/ m1 x( V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than T. O8 E( E) P" ?- b/ L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular c$ Y3 m# H9 s9 S3 F) N- z0 D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( a4 c# U; {0 Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% J* x; t0 r. l4 g' G(prepubertal).
& {! ~ f/ f0 Q( T+ p+ W. jThe parents were notified about the laboratory
( n* U) t2 W f( i) }; |( R kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
! b4 }, I# V; f% O$ Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The L% ~# C T9 A; u' [9 ~; ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 B; J& D! p8 c0 t& B6 z. ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 {; s4 R- e, e
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
Q6 Y3 e( x( L0 v. k9 R i% zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 h& F4 g3 ^: K- c4 L+ ]: a' S; Jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% A3 H0 |( f$ t/ Z: I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 s% \( a, ~; m5 n3 N* F- [4 L+ B- E$ d
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% C0 P# Q. L+ B( S: e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* f$ u4 Q! F2 C8 o# e8 @3 [- k9 t3 ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. H6 Q( {: V: n8 |7 [3 s9 {6 j amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: h+ K& q& O B8 r) BThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% k% Y, D# `% X+ V9 ging frequent erections.. @% \' K8 a3 W) Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 |" K' W' f; S- n3 g; f3 w/ M+ A; ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ D$ N/ C- R1 u! a9 D! r
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 M. t8 x4 |" G. w E h, zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 K) }' S4 W+ quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: Y/ D( [8 |1 y7 o6 Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
4 n' T8 q* F5 ?. r. w- Z3 |4 L2 ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed1 G J/ r3 l: x1 t
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) c8 H9 n% Q2 P4 s) v2 b. y# Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 F1 c9 p- p$ a$ A) U* Y8 l; dsecondary to depression.
; Q) q7 p: w }9 a( {The child slept in the same bed with parents.& W: d f c; Y( O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 q. B, R- U# F, Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! p0 N" z, q8 x5 f% Fnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 h* V6 m7 ` T+ @9 MThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ m" M+ N! z- G: F3 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" X2 J" s# ?5 o! m) e0 V
was high, he then read the product information
6 |" V0 G7 s: q8 [packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' r% N- P; r7 W. s8 oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. O- O3 J' y# }9 }decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ f) ]* A) ~5 y8 q6 a* S+ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# r& C0 B+ `+ r# ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, @6 A* `4 Y. b0 o& k& i6 M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" T3 W( u0 I/ k
laboratory to obtain the test.5 \+ J H; i+ X4 }0 Z" @( o
Discussion% [1 u; l$ M |" |) q# I! F
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary# K; a" K' A5 f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 h- k( J7 K. R! q; |/ fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 ?' @: [/ f( E/ c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 a5 I+ P1 j8 Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 s/ C1 [! i; Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; a6 _, R: U9 B1 @+ Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 ~7 b. F- ~9 A; d3 Q- o1 `$ o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& ^1 R1 L& {' L6 c: x+ t- b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ T1 K- \3 x: f$ R7 e8 r% ^& csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 A+ ?+ m- s8 l" ]7 L5 `boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 D3 R% l3 ?* V8 P K) c/ j, \/ e! c5 xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) x2 s" h7 a- h7 U
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 w$ k! b5 M) D/ a: H+ Hgonadotropins.1,3
. x2 p1 \& F- L/ w8 o+ W6 fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 J6 c5 R3 m. p Z" \
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 A' l8 U, d, {4 ^7 I" ^5 k
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% U6 a; d3 R3 Q* T( S) e# k
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, m3 u X$ F0 @. u$ Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 v" D0 H- N* O9 [8 o8 }) Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 h* w3 y5 u. l. Z2 c; |/ _adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* v# e! G8 L6 y+ L0 Y
puberty in boys.3,4
- }( L6 n( v+ }- @The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ v# N6 V9 ^- h' D7 Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 S! w7 z8 |: L X8 GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ x5 A; L" ^ U. i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 ^1 X2 E% q) u3 r1 G0 Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 [2 T% J5 H, n" ~; k& Dexcess.1,3/ ?5 Y; V* E; a2 Q* w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# m$ R! w& t" O$ e- U/ H. i: F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 \6 j1 ?9 b* g: E* s: N* L' L
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- x# _1 W) ?. W
independent precocious puberty, which is also known4 ^- U' a* e$ n2 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 Z8 m* A. \0 q+ b7 k6 ?4 z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% u6 Z7 x2 U8 T9 _' H$ owith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 q/ j, G) |# Z; I4 A
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* c I6 O( ?; }* ?1 L5 m& n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! w6 v) F4 O" @6 Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 y" T% `/ f* W, d, e* S& k' k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 m5 ~, P4 F; B7 O4 s" ?releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# R) ?) e) T7 N1 v- C' @autosomal dominant disorder that affects only L' ?' c x$ t
males; therefore, other male members of the family: W! K8 w; L2 v5 W
may have similar precocious puberty.3
& y: J$ h3 p1 `0 q5 rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: T1 x/ m1 M4 E( \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 b y; F1 P _9 {
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, w0 e) m. e, L$ i- W/ ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ P3 G, c1 g% W+ {% \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% |9 r( W. X& i& K6 ?8 _2 }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ r8 l0 k( C, Y( D: o- k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 q8 B; u: ~" S3 Z+ j5 A- ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
q+ g: e, [! a9 ^4 Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. A0 J+ k$ V" w J) k O& j9 r3 Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 x! G" t* \1 A4 H, X6 M' z, ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
V$ F7 _- ~! ~( O# ?9 S4 iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; S/ j# c2 L! y& @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b+ m7 `) @7 o' S, ^& x0 ^; s
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because# A, j& }' d) c$ q7 `2 m: b
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 h1 R0 ?4 q/ y" W% [pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 n8 ?' {' m( d9 D! |decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% p, E/ ?5 I/ u R0 h" J2 S
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. J1 @- L; y! I0 x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 F" v9 g' U; a1 m5 i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! W: W% R4 Y+ J9 y5 f3 Q5 }, Pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 M, r8 H3 m& \' wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, H& ^. ~' O& L6 t4 C) uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 r! K" P- E1 j. l/ d7 qbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
- d5 ]+ e. J/ E8 B4 v oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 Q. f3 T* G$ {- j, a5 V
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. I' q6 X2 y7 I9 u( I" J! l8 s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." ?6 _& S( a p- l9 |
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) u) j- t0 Z) J9 L6 X5 Lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 J5 z6 M2 O; k1 ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 j2 G6 R1 A5 C: e# ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' [, } g: {/ S h2 Factive in young children exposed to testosterone& u( w! I! C8 Q( i
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; c3 B- g; T; W" M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, O, A% A6 c7 h [9 p+ wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 E0 G# r3 |$ q1 T2 |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( o2 s+ b4 c9 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 n1 m& I4 H: l; uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during" u1 w G/ p& D' b8 D2 h
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 \; X9 M8 `5 J6 Q9 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 Z: C1 b0 o$ y" Y: I, da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 J- G5 f# w. K5 e: t& j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& E( A* T3 U# ]acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# }0 d$ M) s& K: s8 H6 M! D; ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# H6 o. v" A @" c0 S
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 S, g# Z: v) l8 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 j" m- g9 Z! l8 G; F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 L1 J, C& E$ A! c* t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 j3 u' b- b0 o9 ?$ T Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 } _* x& u% i4 G. @; a3 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% S% S+ K9 f+ h2 N8 Q- e) gSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' `$ G$ F# E) R) P
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# B9 \4 }! K2 F& o8 [penile length in clinical studies.
* I' V7 j- q6 y. {! N9 m7 sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ \& }( T5 g8 m7 v$ k" m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 T) N4 B: `- W( Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 S4 M7 _1 r; ?3 X9 `0 ?the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ l' Z8 e! t0 `Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 X/ ]0 ^& k, D; {4 p2 K- ?1 m: ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ g8 n( U, {4 Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ~1 b: Q% Y' T2 P1 G% ^9 bheight will not be affected.
# e- k5 I! i# h0 m3 A& O+ i' \/ aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ u, {) z+ C( r Bability of androgen products in our society may
) Z" G; [1 S& k2 r9 z5 {indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 J0 z7 Q. _# j* {/ i3 ^0 q: pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- x' }. n/ l- Q# O- [gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, {3 u+ {" z% c5 vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# V$ X" R% T7 F1 k8 L- [; Agel should be asked of the family members during
) p3 o$ w, N- k% I) E: j- Kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' h4 W: k1 z5 _9 e7 J) o0 K6 kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 ^! M5 [- v* \3 m6 `5 o5 Z8 u, b/ `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# p% J% B2 {1 s( C/ ^ F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 H& e9 H+ v5 C" O, v" j) T" o
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- Y: A6 e# W( p; o6 _3 a6 g- Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! m, ^% m* G* S7 cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! _; V7 _& U4 B5 ]4 faware of this fact, because most of these children
: P: i1 i% k9 s- F8 N* ~, umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 `. n8 _5 r4 _, i2 J7 ^9 g
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' t. a7 d2 E+ V0 Y a2 w0 l/ y2 Ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ P9 `6 d6 M: V) Jfemale child who might come in contact with some-8 \; I0 B! d, k3 h" q( |
one using any of these products.6 G4 z6 a1 R& Q: P# j% ]
References2 }" R$ @1 }9 E$ `9 S2 P \& E7 l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 ?" O, I) j8 `- j
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 F9 ^) j' I9 {6 x1 D2 L7 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 b( D [0 \1 Y2002: 565-628.
% g& a* n3 w6 z- g, j* z) I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, l V% o/ ?7 d) c/ t! Spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|