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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 y8 G3 G& X9 |( C
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' t2 T+ ~6 s0 j$ g/ _* P) RExposure to Testosterone1 A2 R/ n5 k: V; B h0 u) N5 ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ u2 ]# D1 x/ b5 f" Y+ m* K
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 J9 c& v9 t2 C }- d9 zClinical Pediatrics# @8 ]# m) w; B/ s
Volume 46 Number 6: q8 I& e) _1 S. n% F% B4 o
July 2007 540-543
0 M2 N. |' d( O7 D6 p/ T, s- g© 2007 Sage Publications* M( B9 @8 K! e9 f1 F+ h! |
10.1177/0009922806296651
- b7 O2 k; U% ]+ s- {http://clp.sagepub.com7 V* v e9 D% L2 s4 Y8 Q
hosted at: ^) z% _' F4 X
http://online.sagepub.com
8 L' \# z* e6 k) XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 G: F- t# n$ u& m( l
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& O& Y4 o, U& @0 U' \' u1 U0 z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; W3 k c; D$ D# H0 G! Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 Z' Q' Z* w! O$ e8 K0 Z: m- Ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 B1 U G6 ]8 n# { c1 t0 mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- N. E, d3 O- N2 Y+ K% B1 H
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 H0 i! w! O" Z- _0 P% P+ s8 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- j* |: ~* b, I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 Y5 B; N% Z: xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. z% f1 m" k1 j6 n6 n6 V$ X6 o1 penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 y) M3 B7 X. m9 O1 m8 {ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- j4 f3 Q3 `) s7 j4 V' nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 ^0 h) s* M! u8 f3 v- J8 x( ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' T d7 O- W! c# c" t7 `" z9 Z/ Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ Y, R0 P$ C# ~. _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 ?2 S" `; P- l" N5 U0 K; d
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ A9 \# I5 X L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( H7 K; a6 }0 `* Iliterature.4, b n- m4 P; g$ H
Patient Report
' A$ A2 W8 h4 G0 E; hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 A) e3 j: A# ^7 Z* y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 i& s& R: Q) {' x& @2 ^6 Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 @- g+ k/ v0 H$ Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ q1 Z# Y+ i9 \( b+ u1 _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' f: I, V* F5 D, Y7 i/ nSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- t/ p0 a8 c( S, J. sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% m, m2 I/ j, Q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 q s& F3 G3 F( J/ |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) _% p! ~, V0 u
e-mail: [email protected].: U2 u: q; _# [. ?( G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, z8 G. R$ z8 p/ @8 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 ^( v3 V5 {" @0 B5 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' ^3 I7 `0 s: D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 J+ d6 |' D8 C) f7 m: X9 F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; |! P) f' D: Y' g' L! v7 ?; \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 M3 X N5 V% S/ g0 i/ w
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 r1 N/ n6 |! k! ~& Gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ R: e8 Z N1 ?2 q6 G
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% v" N; R5 B3 e7 z% Z9 D" t+ G9 a
was age appropriate.
$ M+ {' n4 H2 m/ R5 L* [# lThe family history was remarkable for the father,
0 Q% ~2 e4 ^+ [/ Cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% P0 d- e& `8 R" h6 H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- M# {# \3 H j( _; p, T# w) @height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" E* C6 }# k7 f" D3 d" R4 o' \
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 M9 G3 `3 \3 ^9 u- c
The father denied taking any other medication. The' r: j/ m& l9 A9 w" [ X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, k) z8 I2 j$ e5 p: j
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet {& E6 K0 U; e' W3 i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 W k* m; C, e J5 Y( P/ ~cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 o( M7 f7 f# s% b* m
tives. There were no siblings.' H! Y& {' S$ D2 `! f: r( a* ]
Physical Examination! q; O, e! ~) ~0 ^5 b( z2 r
The physical examination revealed a very active,
! Q; ^5 l5 F8 ]playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 X# B+ g0 o9 ?5 Y6 P8 ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# e$ V* u) {, a3 G$ Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& V6 D6 e6 m9 e' |9 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! H- i' Q7 z( e0 c- W5 B* }) g8 ]# e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ m; ?$ ~! a) B( q* {5 Y' f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! E2 {4 }* C6 l) {) }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% S/ Q w8 [3 d5 P7 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 E! r: d+ o: S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 n: e, N& X3 j4 [developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 U$ ?. I4 h; Q2 U; U, E; m, s
540
$ \9 ]# d; w! z# G+ I8 lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
b y8 e+ r: @8 }the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" t' x# M2 d: d X" T' W+ Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ k7 z/ k: @ k* C7 j L* ^4 HThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 b# c5 H" ?# \( |% B- Q) P) D$ |, l. ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no l9 {) E# g0 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* {) Q: B/ F0 f( n6 B4 y; C) _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( V. `+ W! E3 R3 `$ Y: gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, Y0 S, M" e6 j% ^( o& Y
of papilledema.( R$ L2 @. |; }* Z) v
Laboratory Evaluation
- x6 h8 \9 m" q6 Z( X2 C0 ^" HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 E% z- T Q# p& k" h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) l& _/ Y( O& P; I5 h1 B
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( j* B# j- w5 m1 s+ s% P0 K; ^karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, }6 `: ^" @ i) ]! q4 p. ]" \0 ]$ A- R2 G
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' \& q4 W- H) Y& o- z2 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* i& |" v( g* d; O9 n3 f& G) ?' L
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: h4 ?3 D1 u6 h J
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 `3 ~3 s5 B. V$ |, y4 ?# O: k8 m
within normal range for his age. The concentration# e% O, D4 f; A5 M+ v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 Z( T: f% ]0 P. d+ Q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ ~% @8 h: T# b X, _& u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ M8 B1 e3 X' i9 @' r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 [! ^$ M0 k( H% q8 H. K$ {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 a2 L, A* t7 {' K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), F$ N/ z" \2 b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 y/ ^; O* i8 A$ z7 k3 p; s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 ~! j# _, V3 u5 Y& u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( Z; \( j% n$ e+ o- v) {; `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 w& a0 s# `5 A; M ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 f$ [$ D$ q+ S- I
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 n# [* z4 |6 l# d' F- j
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 l: B' \/ L" _; j
(prepubertal).! v# R% A) Y9 ]7 I8 C
The parents were notified about the laboratory: ]9 [3 S1 ], m& s7 ]9 t
results and were informed that all of the tests were: C) l7 ~0 D1 ~( A0 S: o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. Z4 u8 ~( w# t1 q/ x5 g1 j
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 \! m9 D: {9 _: ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& o4 X; `# e7 Q9 ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ l7 f' |, }" k2 CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 Z5 S o4 x& Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 Z4 Y) Z6 P# s$ l, H
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# q; f4 A( W% n. K( v5 d3 n3 r
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 R) n1 i( l2 g& o* U2 d7 T3 mpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% p/ D/ H; n; w: K3 j3 ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 B+ \* z1 w- g! P4 W; w* v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 G, ]0 T1 {/ h* K( M! j# dThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* q' {) ?6 D: {& {+ I$ ~ing frequent erections.) r' H0 z2 V! `- s
Both parents were again questioned about use of, t4 B/ |0 N) Q1 n* Y0 {7 j
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- F: g2 z5 o0 `- u! c* Y8 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" N1 _6 m0 Q1 u( XTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 Z& m; t( C$ Fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: z, Y0 p* l, e0 N' X& Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ [" S8 d) t. o1 `7 O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% B7 H8 u0 Y7 M K3 rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' j7 ~1 t+ D6 }1 G4 d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, }$ n( t8 @; n8 hsecondary to depression.; m4 @, @0 |( L. ?$ c/ P: P( i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
7 s& d" o& J/ S7 uThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 c/ l: I- u$ p% x' Z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. X e/ a* e7 l2 K& _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# b( R+ m5 p' r- SThe father also admitted that after the phone call,$ \& X# {% D4 c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* ^# s- d% J. H
was high, he then read the product information
4 B3 ~4 U+ {- y9 q5 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
m- F, R1 A$ Q1 I I5 d) g1 Kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 u3 a/ J! E$ w! g2 k' ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ [- b1 k) J- }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 u. X$ U4 k) d& D7 ^# w9 p! hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
X1 W' ~$ P8 W3 }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 ^1 B/ g# q2 l! F" ?) o3 Blaboratory to obtain the test.; W, S$ ?6 {& M4 x' h
Discussion9 ` E0 p% r% w j# _
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 [ C+ ^) C' D$ Z$ [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 R( a B% P, d) c7 fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" E7 S" V8 W5 \, T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 y1 b2 y f) q$ J# G9 |5 s+ P$ Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- n( A+ b6 N& t( p- G, A0 u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 T: u6 ]8 ]6 j9 u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 C4 E$ w) T3 E* W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! b) `% w# d) T* L( f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* v# v# R- r+ H7 k, \9 Psis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ }5 u* }, x# O2 P" p6 E* O4 H
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( I4 D# W j7 F9 y X5 `6 n, g) ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# p; _2 o5 T3 G$ C) Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 A% C5 N+ f1 t' k! }& ~
gonadotropins.1,33 f s7 \& X& a, r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; j. H+ \' [# u( L/ c# p. T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& M3 s0 A4 k' ]4 n' \# ?2 j* q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ O2 a* q" b- z' C) a7 `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. |6 C; u3 D2 i1 B& W; P& {* iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 Y( S$ n4 S% X$ y: Q% k- B7 Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 z" U$ ?& u! e# r" w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, k0 q# ~6 r; q# C( L2 Ipuberty in boys.3,4/ `" T: q+ q1 P0 a& ^3 Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 C9 H$ ~! b6 d+ n- Q3 d7 mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 w3 M1 D( w( ?The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& x d% r9 w; L! P/ m! `( C& Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 E6 z( I6 E: V- V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! h3 y+ B1 i* i& i5 J: {1 H" k
excess.1,3
/ c3 D; W j, ^7 H0 yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ a! |7 m2 ~0 |0 u0 F0 S4 e4 Y8 m0 L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 J; U8 N0 j! u% z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( J/ z9 a) [# P3 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. t7 N$ Z, l0 a
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 b# l# N3 h9 W* I" {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
! f, `) j! l$ N1 P6 mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 |4 G' m1 V. r* X- Mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ m# ?) x/ P' @( b8 V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) {. ?! J# h4 z/ V5 ]3 g& e9 d( L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 n; e+ V7 c8 E3 H* N( J4 b2 I# t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ E {/ z! q" F" D+ l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) \ W1 @9 h3 g+ A+ A1 Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ H& t U; I$ B/ I b6 L3 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 {6 r* L& x: a# r. ^. kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ L) v% }% l8 m' SIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 I' J$ h0 V2 ?! w( H
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: H3 a& s: k+ v7 s3 }$ Z
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* {/ C4 H) |1 F' k6 ~
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: k8 X/ V1 ?. r4 h* w$ bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," h: e' U* Y& Z+ n. [) m
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& Q# a% K4 h; ^ ]! }8 e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 x* v( Z2 m1 m3 \% a& R* Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ G& z. A6 H! J6 F0 j0 ~; o; @: a( Q% \
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, i- e. q! Y" m7 _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& |1 u. C" R& A' [# M) O; b0 }& Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- S! n8 i% y% T5 _0 s) z* o8 Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 C$ m+ e, q; {/ T
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ c5 L# _3 A4 }0 U7 J5 Wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& d: q# V8 c4 v, _" kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, k; I, M8 i, d& bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 Y8 _# I- @: d& y: ]6 `5 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: d' _" y/ L4 ~, B2 Y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( k2 A2 B. G! ]# Q! [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# a# T% k# U% ^- j+ d9 y7 HDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 g. d! M& i; t7 y/ r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- C, G6 O6 _' N( U2 gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 g# \! A( @) I5 I% USerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 |3 R1 X: k8 v+ L0 n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 ^# f' a" T0 y/ s; Ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. A* S7 Q9 q) T" ?, t1 f* U/ N
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 r! T2 S' L/ G. \0 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 u7 k6 {1 u. o2 @# G' X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 L7 S3 }. G u' H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 C$ v* g0 |$ Kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% b0 j7 R) U: Vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more1 t( f. _0 @# F' O- b3 a! Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ F" I9 f# F* W2 I
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- t/ P; W1 u5 S2 ]1 J
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! r1 X8 L; z3 x+ n+ [
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ F+ W, i& o' y1 k$ D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and# I9 \* p5 A8 z5 A) G) y( R$ l
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 k/ i. O7 A$ j4 T
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, z& G: }- ^ E6 _9 d& p
early childhood on pubertal development and final
]$ b/ a, A `) h' \( Eadult height are not fully known and always remain
* @7 p6 F* G- E! t8 G# Ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, \0 z, ]/ P$ N* L4 j$ ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- q4 ]$ ^8 f& P$ o/ ?, bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after2 G3 X. K ]" Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 }( n9 y3 ^2 ~$ ^ F
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 c- u& C/ B' O6 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* M# @) a# b" n% X0 e5 [over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& ^& G- B! ?+ \1 C- Z4 a. t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" p6 a: O6 J2 p) [! X' e% S1 P3 q, f7 k4 ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, H, L/ W( f( y- b
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' D6 m b5 V2 P6 a; S; o& ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# I( j* D. T/ ~. jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 N& ?+ y) [4 |* @( L3 C; _penile length in clinical studies.2 g. @/ X% E! b. ], ^
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! q& g9 }% O L1 {$ p+ I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from/ G) A' P; {- c5 a! ?% P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ @- e( U- E+ z8 s9 ^
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 ? E7 @1 \4 n5 B0 a+ g1 v2 W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 X: F5 D0 n* f, f* Qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' r$ n& }- v6 @2 {) Y# B) o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 O3 ?7 r( S0 B! R7 g+ L7 b' qheight will not be affected.
" R T2 {( F" n5 PAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) v% w) j$ Y4 `6 U0 I: Hability of androgen products in our society may
/ n$ v0 V! D- a' xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
# f7 Q7 [- M8 P T- c# A( cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" A3 M+ \/ B/ y4 w5 K, X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) N S% b, H$ c6 r, wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
@ `# \6 {* hgel should be asked of the family members during6 r# m/ R& v; m' A9 @) j. w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 a9 }* i1 @3 C" V W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 m. Z' M; a/ V6 \' M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* a( y% [& G+ V4 M) {" D* R9 F Y$ lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" u9 x8 f" r# M4 u3 L% B% `
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ L. H+ K4 m$ h5 A) J1 B/ v! Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 O$ l: m1 i7 ^: |investigation. The primary care physician should be" d: S! {# Q" i& y. I) I
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& ^) m# n) c# x2 B# a4 Kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, A: A+ f' ~7 V/ _ V; y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 z1 X, j# ^ {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. L. \) g/ i( f+ F
female child who might come in contact with some-: v3 X6 s4 _. x. ~/ e
one using any of these products.
2 k# t' O4 X! w5 ?' `% J& \References+ O; T0 S# a h2 R2 y- H$ c
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: \" {1 H/ [$ u# Fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# Y6 U, g% A1 m" Z* B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 I+ z7 r0 ]; {# `, [
2002: 565-628.; B. V- R2 c0 y$ T# ^5 w( P* b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: T$ R! N* c' s" Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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