WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* c3 E4 d1 ^1 ^* F0 M% V% SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical$ S% z4 ?) h- T* n3 V! G
Exposure to Testosterone4 O8 U8 r' P! g) r: r4 }: V" z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; u5 i- G5 s0 o/ d5 J9 f( @+ s. b! i3 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ H( L( o* D9 IClinical Pediatrics9 O, K1 e2 F; F6 I, \& C$ Y8 `6 G7 K* i
Volume 46 Number 6( r- h; I: O2 J1 ~
July 2007 540-543
% H2 F6 N9 S  t2 Z% ?3 O# D# {© 2007 Sage Publications
8 a4 S  k0 d, f10.1177/0009922806296651# W3 m% ~+ m( s& H
http://clp.sagepub.com3 g! J9 \# i# a6 Z" K8 i! w
hosted at8 k7 R4 t2 h& S, |4 v' C
http://online.sagepub.com# P, M  @/ q6 G2 ?* V7 Q
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 v* ], x: p8 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, I4 h1 ^6 `6 y; y# r# R* w( \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ o; `5 n2 l1 h% C! Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% M8 R: [& a0 x0 u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, b8 o1 M, Y8 Z) P3 olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 K  j  b; p' `* X" M1 H) g
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) ~' {/ Z! |6 [( n- _hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 G! V% G* r  J$ N! o3 M8 A2 u; b
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) ~' Q" Z# O1 M0 z7 p% ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ m" D% x) ]' n" V2 J0 y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 k  `! D8 ?! G0 N" kment without testicular enlargement, which was due8 n& I8 i! o$ }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ o$ [) Q( `1 R6 m- a
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' Y' }# C# x: }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ g+ }- c& U4 b5 i6 _. Dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* X6 K  g  S! _1 _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 s5 @3 }! M' K% ~& X
bly more common than the rare case report in the
  t! }: F$ i  W/ P- i0 M6 T; x2 {literature.4% q' I( j& t  a6 P7 s
Patient Report
& R% H+ d' o  M2 u: ~9 s  ]! {4 EA 16-month-old white child was referred to the  E" g: f  x2 C  w7 N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( a- ~8 }3 s! V9 h  h; e" k7 ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed6 x0 e( G/ @) k! E+ T
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' c1 }3 g+ l8 `/ R3 rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) O6 Y6 E- z, E" o0 y& h1 r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" F% b9 ~( Y! i$ O2 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) v: Y' |1 t6 ]1 L7 H/ f0 XProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% d: a4 \+ ~! A) s/ ?& YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 f! U! A" J: I1 E2 d1 J$ Ne-mail: [email protected].) r$ N5 a  N% w" @0 d2 F6 e
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, w$ g- |' a; n' Q  o9 kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- ]$ S/ Q7 V7 B* p) N, N/ b- P$ x' y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: t! J" S5 g# e0 s. r& `5 W
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" b9 z7 d7 |& k& _$ g# l) R" K2 J
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" W. J; o( ~5 u  Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 Q7 G3 Y% t7 G; {- vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) y$ h+ D: N, m. l1 xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 C( N& q+ C% I" s/ p; W! L, O$ Uand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( H- x9 c+ K( C+ e# c% W6 Twas age appropriate." ^" s6 Z  _; N' I# [( `% {
The family history was remarkable for the father,  i# X! U! ?; h/ R7 m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ d$ L( R9 [- G& \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! G. ?/ [& d5 T( J3 a1 {height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& ^5 D% q" \# o  l  N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 n, H- i, A" {8 X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 E4 ?1 l& {* n" Pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" M% `. n" j& v) j- A) \$ Xwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 Q+ x4 s4 H% n0 I: M8 {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. i* s$ C& c! m& U6 T4 {2 o' _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 A! p* S" [. L; T9 V0 X+ Vtives. There were no siblings.
9 w: j" P% n: |) d9 APhysical Examination8 T" \; k+ B4 I- n  j5 r0 {
The physical examination revealed a very active,* F, s1 S' J/ `% J8 h; h
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
0 Z4 g" X' x8 l8 f4 [/ c- la blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was" {6 z8 K  T; A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 A" x8 ~  |3 R- v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 |! W9 u4 ?: E* G2 T4 n, ]velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( Q" K0 I9 G( K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ C9 x+ m! J% U3 ?( n) zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
8 A; G7 d! B+ Z/ }) E. senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( |6 D4 k0 L# b" F4 P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 o$ o, m' ?" ]* p! Y5 t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- o: ]" r, c" `: M9 q
540& e/ W% Z0 I5 a0 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ K7 P: O, D8 N8 n4 K
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ D; a( A1 E7 u) t' L' r9 T
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ t, ^  @5 @, w! X) ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. w; k) b" @' S% _& q, |0 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& X$ R6 O$ P$ c5 Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 L( A7 v" K& v& n) z) S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. p5 L3 Q9 T0 Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 J3 _  Y: p$ _) u* e3 j2 M
of papilledema.
: n0 M6 R% v& @8 g8 X9 o" C8 xLaboratory Evaluation" X8 d: B) O+ Y$ y2 x, D" F
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, N# S6 L# Q" s/ t
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, @8 A2 x, V, z5 b; d/ c; ?: blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 a5 t. R/ @$ U$ x  f2 o: U7 f
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  J6 e1 V+ Z4 F$ B. l: a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* S4 t+ ?5 Y, S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) T7 m% o1 U$ a. B3 n$ ~# TThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ E6 W) n* T. p3 m- G  [; G
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  E8 y# q: C0 \* Q# Z# Swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! p2 l% w( L4 M1 j) Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: j  d- R' U+ `1 g(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 I9 A3 J% O( Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; U+ W# _1 A" c" {. Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( j& _+ b! C, g! k2 Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' D6 z/ n" g" q/ r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 o( g8 B- H# a3 O4 Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) O, Z! {3 s5 O1 P% L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ }% @% I; `& f5 @6 Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ {. u( r8 A  l3 c0 \& Q2 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- w; B! p) p. h" a4 Y- P& C8 X$ ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. G9 s: t$ D0 x1 o$ J( r0 d/ nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 U/ b8 g; f, P6 U5 [6 z; k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- L% K' M9 `4 F* J. o8 d' K: X(prepubertal).- x; U% |$ A4 D. A7 y: u& z& D+ k
The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 C5 D' i8 n. _$ g- v# Y5 Y( eresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, w6 T+ Q% C0 ?& y8 nnormal except the testosterone level was high. The) X( Q% X1 X$ h* [/ o( q% o! g. {7 ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 F9 W. X8 V# I. f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: _2 q2 {" k( y$ U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 N0 H( ~( ^4 ?: e1 P0 w
Physical examination at this time revealed that the! L1 e# D: h9 R* l9 ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ B1 k  ~! [7 k4 T- L' @  h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 F/ P* T, R& m8 E: sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- T2 X4 k' e' Q) ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 Y2 Y1 e/ V8 Q1 Z. @. nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ q; y( l4 [3 P6 r, ^4 `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ S6 a1 |4 @3 A* |) v1 b& u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ d4 R( _( h" Y  g
ing frequent erections.
; t  T) L) F3 MBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# j) a* l1 U) H  `' E9 n# Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 X$ t' g% H. k9 e' \6 n
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ ]! A- G, F. j" o
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* e4 V/ h3 e4 @) C, _6 i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 {$ N, B" Q: C4 k
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 x) G  N, E9 I" R0 F3 V$ Ca year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& g) n2 v0 z, x0 x% J& z1 U6 Tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 g; [+ j7 X: r5 p3 b$ y8 d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' L) r# Q# E/ \" d2 K
secondary to depression.% L- @9 A, z6 t  c) J: P2 q$ i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
% n- C, ^$ R/ j3 c. EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ y( J3 ]# n3 {( }, N3 r- achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ a  h" \! t2 `8 d8 m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' @9 i/ ^1 v! G& T+ c( ]7 O- N% V" K
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 p* O7 T+ _8 ?" v  hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  e( P3 b# o2 c! [  u6 Ewas high, he then read the product information9 o6 g3 ]3 x/ N: m
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ _/ y$ s4 c: e5 N1 v) b, y/ g7 t" Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 x) _& L" i- k/ x/ L. U+ Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 Y9 k; I5 @( P& A8 I% zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ ]% q  f1 R; q/ m1 J. F) T( U0 v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! O& f; p/ m6 `test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 ]% E" P/ y$ |7 s( ?1 }0 J
laboratory to obtain the test.  X6 ?0 i# R" t8 e7 q4 {
Discussion% A; A0 p# K0 I# l2 f% v/ R
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ N/ @8 U' D+ V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* c4 s6 a& x' U: X3 k* R1 A. EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- A# a$ R6 h) [# D' }8 mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* t5 K( Y8 H* [2 X4 e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 S) O* ]$ \0 p4 [9 w0 ~mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 C# N0 r# {+ Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( R; ?+ v5 u0 k5 A/ Y9 O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- B+ @: Q% }- Damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# @6 t3 S- Y  Z" rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: i( q: s9 S# {9 y5 ~# G; F
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 c% i9 v5 q- W9 e6 W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ f9 a$ @6 Q0 i6 ^/ Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ o) l8 _' t" K
gonadotropins.1,3
1 m, s& Z# Z) D: |. i& Z. c6 p, l8 E: y9 rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. \. b. C& w3 k9 f! |; m/ n' w/ u1 _
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* V" Y! K( t; K
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 [! P8 U* b1 O3 M  ^exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ m1 W! G0 ^8 S5 R* C, z. g% lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 w2 ~6 a$ F2 n" S# V  C
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" I5 S4 b# H4 Q. }( dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 h% c# Y3 r' A, S
puberty in boys.3,4
: z6 d, ~0 D6 U# nThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 @( o$ e' }4 {& O* Y. `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 D! G. E/ R  U  F
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: R+ i2 H' [; t! h# E9 v- f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" f$ [- d! a0 x  y, C; nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 u0 h% ^# B8 \, Hexcess.1,3
- {+ S( a. r/ P, k* zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 g4 Y/ f" N9 ~8 P( {+ z: t542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: }% ?' e6 t" xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ x; p& p6 W( ]% u9 E0 y! _* ^4 _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 m; O: T: i7 e8 P
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: ~/ V  ~  e  }3 G; p" bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& h: s. k; @4 R7 @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. C$ O# B+ h$ z" f4 f- e1 Q
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# H) ~6 S" d" e0 V# V  r1 N3 xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( U/ s$ T2 I7 @4 z7 n$ M: t
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 h2 ?) H7 q0 r/ epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ u( K0 |1 A+ O; k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: Y9 g( c# Z" ]9 x) z' a$ eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ x9 Y$ N' F$ Q, zmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 i& W; z; l$ T3 M. a# Z% u
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" l3 I) A# K) t) {. u/ pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 U! f2 F9 z' r& W6 W  d0 Q& R/ ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& x$ p! I! I* }8 l% K" N  bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- J5 u' ]1 w, s$ t* L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 H1 K# `2 {* \7 [! o- [7 Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* A. z: j' E+ m! _7 ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- `* N% @; t% R: v$ q, W. ~beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 Y0 Y( x& H; h1 S* Q$ P3 Q& Zative initial history of androgen exposure, our( q- T: T0 A; [# E# K
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 [  z6 B- c1 C7 l2 q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: i8 y/ O7 N9 V& I$ X6 @& D! g
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" I! p0 `/ o; e# l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ r7 H% j6 U" q& L$ S3 c
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 ], [: i9 I  R% \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 S" E# v4 e5 a3 [0 z$ Y$ I2 V0 `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 W0 g4 z( E/ q0 J! E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: o! }9 {4 E, P4 E- vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  f& y5 t) p/ r( K  ?: jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& E0 o2 n# J# _9 ~
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& q( g/ h6 ~- a& |$ _# pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 m/ A8 q$ b+ t! acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 Z7 k5 s2 U( S3 Zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 J, s: y8 ?( {# M, |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' |6 j+ M, H6 Q9 t8 A2 i0 @4 p! ]3 G
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, h1 P  V+ F+ [8 ~" k: B$ e+ e1 Z, ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 }- Q- A( z# u* K$ l1 R$ opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 g1 g5 v) ~4 H2 ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 X$ Z6 d& ?: M" eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' c" I6 Z$ G& y& Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that, ?8 ~" Z& v9 S: k4 Q# }( p7 q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: g) N0 l  b6 j, C" s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 e4 L0 O/ J( qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
  J0 E" |; b' V7 Zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' F( n( _8 j# ?; J* o4 p) [
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 B2 Q1 j1 o( M9 H  d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* r: X0 d  w/ T4 e2 y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, g- q- ^# y1 v; A! K: Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ [! f, l' t, O: @% MThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) e$ `/ k9 W! c, D/ A! }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( q4 J: \% ^0 z6 U7 b. |% badult height are not fully known and always remain
) V  X9 I  u. A+ V7 Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ K7 y: q  Z& }+ k5 nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) _6 ?* L  c; }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! z" l: }- K8 B& ?- q9 Jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' S+ F6 `) P9 e, C% w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. @4 e, d9 O9 Q0 q4 ~: }There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 W0 F7 w# q* W* kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
5 j8 g* ^2 V! {9 N+ K+ ?4 Ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Y9 s# N; o' u! V6 j
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ _8 Z8 h: V$ R7 F& c' o) C: S  F$ N
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 n8 T" l2 _  a/ Y: I1 X/ P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 ~6 ?' k1 H. gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% J" Q; A) W8 R9 `0 i0 I3 H; L* Rpenile length in clinical studies.6 R! I/ h7 H6 g4 @2 E, M' w
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 j1 X; W4 v  U$ o; A8 _going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% l+ u- Y, Y5 P! _9 Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& l6 v6 S+ m' o3 n1 M9 ^; Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 @  x# W' z/ @$ r; t, jAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' B8 _7 o5 C# n+ G- ?  [diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& V3 J+ {6 [4 n* r: B. h3 C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. h2 p' i) K! E# @- [
height will not be affected.3 `& s8 f$ K& K0 X' |
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 r* B% F- |; ~  M( ]ability of androgen products in our society may" B) i7 U9 R. @& f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 J' A6 ^* S+ }$ m7 R- m& m8 S$ K$ dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. D- ~$ M) u7 a- e  vgen products must be considered and specific ques-% e6 M9 |1 o, C- @- T
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ A  `8 p" k% _! W
gel should be asked of the family members during$ D( U7 x- t7 L: n0 ?7 q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. L9 Z5 y7 N% ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ L0 ~" G" q( o  ~0 U. f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ t- b6 j# {. ?: P. m0 \5 z& X
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  q6 T- C$ M9 e2 [' x. P3 V. K
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- P: T" b* f% `# j+ Z; c& r; `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* B2 Q2 \/ H8 |, i$ k. b3 f  ^
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ G% |9 f% R' g! Y1 m/ s. \
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 o/ Y6 a$ w1 u4 j( z3 K( }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# b3 r/ |  _* ^) w- R2 m6 e
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a) _" _5 Q; \/ p( B7 s" i% D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( Q' ]: P1 s7 m- f* U2 v3 b: _0 Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-. O% T3 N- c; }
one using any of these products.
& b' V6 \1 `+ T4 \( C) u# j4 jReferences, R8 E# c( d" n: L. q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% V. m* R9 K" h% E$ }& m1 wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" b" K5 J' ~$ w+ k' I. REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- \6 Y1 W# B. T9 k1 c- J7 a- |6 L
2002: 565-628.% N" e/ [* \1 z# t! B4 J* A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 _4 U7 Z) y, j! F# J/ A/ N; l3 l4 Ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% O& N6 V; x5 o5 U* |- _# P0 Y" NBoy Induced by Indirect Topical/ S8 b% e. W; ^
Exposure to Testosterone4 A0 r, y3 K- L8 n3 Q
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! x: k6 ]8 J4 a* C0 g1 i9 dand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 l3 q7 ?% `! E) JClinical Pediatrics
) a0 N' z. V: \; J% [Volume 46 Number 62 z1 J8 o6 Y7 f* q- r9 K9 E
July 2007 540-5431 @' x- {. I; x7 J: Y
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 f- g) _, w0 m10.1177/0009922806296651. ]7 D# {9 B, K( B; E* u
http://clp.sagepub.com! H+ M3 x8 d8 q4 x# l% ^" N) N
hosted at
9 v9 s, }8 d  I1 X$ c  k8 qhttp://online.sagepub.com
0 Q6 ~( p2 W( }! a3 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 W$ F: C0 Y2 p" _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- ?- ^& w, i% e8 Z' g  tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# |" I% ]3 ?. }5 M9 D
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* K8 d2 H7 S4 {0 F( A
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% Q7 o" Y8 C- r0 P" F1 n& U
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  C3 L* z/ r+ _  sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: m/ c- ~' r7 h! z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 t! f& Q8 T: r( m) `( c! kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 B) B$ x+ I3 t9 A
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 `, J. U( j0 Q3 r& z- ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 l0 t8 I. ^# V8 @* ^ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 W7 o0 i% c: o% D3 x8 Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 n5 ]+ P1 v$ k# C+ fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: x& ]- K) a3 b2 N/ K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) v. o: |1 q5 d& G5 P5 }
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 J% {! N7 N) v( @  ~! a) t4 |
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 i; c6 @/ m* I: }
bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 y2 U* |2 a; u- {) y8 Mliterature.4
/ k9 r8 P  _# {4 T" E8 h/ KPatient Report, {5 S3 P( R$ M7 c$ q2 M9 _' B3 b# m
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- v, m$ X/ [5 v% k1 K% \8 V' Zendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' _( y$ T' w" X" A. d
of early sexual development. His mother noticed) \0 C- z) K! v
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 Z( o& y. D# J3 r* t
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" h' d$ N! D  t( `5 b3 RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 n0 {+ q5 _* U! K% M" H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! [" j& Z7 b9 E0 U  I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% |/ w) Z3 R' K0 k) O4 @Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) y3 _$ b  n! B5 g/ X+ U! B$ Le-mail: [email protected].$ m: M# B1 @" W1 m1 [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, A$ V, m. d0 ^& F, R- s8 Z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 S& G1 U, q6 V' q$ R! h, d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, c/ ?5 r/ T: G& W: ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- b$ `3 D' i# @$ |3 ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 q8 ?! v1 R0 X4 E20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
  u( E$ J1 |8 L  n6 J, n/ ?. [1 Sof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: ~/ z% p" O7 V; \- ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ n- W2 a* [0 @2 q/ k1 _/ |and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, t3 R) m/ Q2 _1 X' Cwas age appropriate.
1 d- u! ^! _6 _* X2 G, a7 TThe family history was remarkable for the father,0 H+ g0 ?" Y+ a: F% y) p$ B5 i
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," x' [5 M7 s! S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 v6 U8 V% P/ R# k" nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( Z8 }) ~- ~8 }) S3 |* m# Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 _% C& c- ]  [  W& q* H& T3 q, tThe father denied taking any other medication. The7 H. p1 v& I6 o, M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( G4 B5 P: n( ^- h1 ?- }was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 B( C, c: Z# N% y! q/ h
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 t4 X3 t" N% `& ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( M9 G( ^4 `! }: c% \
tives. There were no siblings.
  U+ z  u) Y- g: W* b$ q6 {2 l$ V9 GPhysical Examination; }" y. M4 h- z# }+ H
The physical examination revealed a very active,. o' O: v5 b4 Z# ?9 F
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) Z' w8 V# y' v, O; T/ q9 Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' t6 i: Y  V! p9 B" Q8 s( F1 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; o5 A7 Q/ z* v; g' ~5 |/ @. l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# K/ ^9 _7 a/ l
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 O7 i, Y( Z- p4 a6 a
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ y5 k. ]6 U( }6 S5 H* K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. D$ O* B+ m. R9 N: q$ {3 ^enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" Z2 Q5 q& x# `4 P0 q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 U6 v3 P8 g( c' M. p
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" E# V& g& [7 c+ s- K; q: F
5406 v8 ^1 B) Q9 f' }2 u% l' W5 i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ z# f( N; i% {5 l% V5 p6 a
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 r  C4 c0 v: i+ x5 O, }- |. Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( f! A/ F# t4 `8 b. j, zThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' \1 ~  C* e& O$ f8 Soily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& k3 ], ]% ?+ a3 Cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 Z3 D' h0 w. |: h. GNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 b/ j2 p# `+ Z$ [6 H
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: ]- N+ t% C) Q5 h$ G% Lof papilledema.+ r# l+ s& ]) F5 o' _
Laboratory Evaluation5 \$ o. c, i/ K/ K' K3 B# f
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 U) [5 l% {! c) r3 e2 N0 u
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* L" W0 a6 ^+ i, O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 C- [( O5 n7 W6 Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: P4 b: }2 Q  I& L3 O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-; a7 n& F3 E( T
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 n# W7 b4 I+ e( o$ D1 IThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 s" L' ]! X+ N1 v( K0 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 f* o. y$ A. dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 {" \& N2 v, z. S% Y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: D) x( H  v% N3 X* C+ Y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ S5 ~; v4 [2 D- Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ W* ~, d% J* [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ B3 X# Y( ~$ \& x+ y. ]4 t7 E3 M
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! S8 _( ^( ?! H0 m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( N$ a4 G2 Z! J( f& H1 N7 ?. Iwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 F9 C) v* s8 `) b+ I% N9 u
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* h( C4 E$ A8 ^1 ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
! ^- g4 }% m0 oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 j  o5 E2 d! k) r! @4 h. Z* v5 p* O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 L5 m# S1 f7 W" I: `& b2 C3 d
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% c8 K8 d3 c% `# m' X# ]6 \. P+ x) iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
1 ]! a+ U& q+ O' W  W, r; s(prepubertal).4 b+ q! b! e) ^1 s
The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 m& j+ a# L$ s8 p: O) C2 i3 gresults and were informed that all of the tests were
6 A5 _. b: B! d7 `% Q# {& pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The7 G; B4 N# |! X/ C. X- F& a/ }3 u
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
  g. X. Z& U& \; @/ lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 v/ t7 C5 }1 P0 _ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# Y2 q2 _, ^; l# k: o$ GPhysical examination at this time revealed that the. v/ F2 ?- {4 e! }& V  Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, l  f* B; T) @: Y' F
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, m4 B) R! q- D( c/ N! W: t2 c/ sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 u9 [8 P/ ?. L; f4 E
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ B  a$ g3 f1 G) r8 U* g2 e% A
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" a" @+ @# t  h6 T4 r
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# Y6 z) f" |4 |8 s$ @# E3 x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' `+ `3 n& x0 z8 N% v. c! h1 X
ing frequent erections.
" M6 r5 Z; i1 F, u& }) V  [5 IBoth parents were again questioned about use of/ u8 Z; X) ^- E0 L; z& E  ~9 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; E/ h( n7 D4 U, @" x% cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 Q2 e( b9 L2 p8 U- A! k
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 C& V+ d, W8 P$ S& i0 w1 suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ v4 L; j+ e0 G/ \1 Qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ h6 r5 z. T, Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 I* }, r# i" C) D  B0 S$ x$ {5 c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 _- Z2 E  i% S4 E# [$ r6 X- a( `# v: fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido( t4 b, \8 R2 ^
secondary to depression.# S" T+ e0 }- L4 {+ S
The child slept in the same bed with parents.' l! q0 k; [1 B' R3 B1 ~6 g+ E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 ?: |$ p$ [" fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* K2 e6 U5 @+ m( I( lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father." v+ V% O# j$ o; X9 {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,. K' ]' c3 N1 C2 U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby$ v% P' L/ A2 J; Y
was high, he then read the product information
, B/ O; a" Y/ J$ Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- g9 p; E: t0 ~- nson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they* l  S. h$ P: [' i
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. Z3 L; q* F$ h. j" {% Y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 {- C1 Q7 ]( a1 P* v9 H' l; I! i, ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
3 ]- A9 u. ^, g. i" e, Ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* h" O+ ]7 t2 d2 j8 p; [laboratory to obtain the test.
' l/ H( R9 c. o% H" QDiscussion% Z$ {  b% k- y7 `
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 K# b2 h; z% Z; Rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ D; o0 @3 _; ^- q  n" P
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& V- G* r, W! o2 s7 M. pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% ^; b- F# ]( r( uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; ~6 u( m  l; q* H$ n: z3 R7 a: k
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP' l6 @' f6 z, L2 Q7 I
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 S  O' _7 k/ R  Gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ Q; W: e- {6 y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 ~/ {% u( f# y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* b: Q7 Y' z" v6 ~4 sboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ s/ @) c$ T6 ]" J3 {9 M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  t' K0 n; y" O" p0 C% b* P' o5 J, Orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ q  V: L  G% }
gonadotropins.1,3- w; j, `" S/ E" @2 \5 G' B8 y6 r5 e
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ j2 H6 ?4 |) g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ |9 p; z$ ~$ n7 M" [' x( o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' o: N( I* y" J9 e; V! Y7 N- e
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: i) N5 |/ O6 }3 V, a& }' gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& E0 }9 a! ^& S5 v. ?; A& `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. [- A. E# O% k- ^8 L! g: K  G( d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& C. n6 H/ \% W+ u" o6 C: w
puberty in boys.3,4
  y7 p/ T. n- F, `( P) u2 WThe most common form of congenital adrenal
, @# W" `8 z+ @  h; m& X- s% m" phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# P" g  H# h1 j, TThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ q9 C3 g- I; d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 y) B% ^: E, e# V8 _* c, Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: G( E9 p/ s) n& n3 Rexcess.1,3
) F  d3 P0 }" K. y% [at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* A* M2 G6 V! k6 j542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  Y" T% T: }4 i  Z. t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
9 b, \! O6 K9 K% ]- p  e; q2 uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known, V) Q1 e0 {7 p$ Y: Q4 O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# [8 u( H0 O. ~) f- Y4 ^8 T: D% [very young age. The physical findings in these boys+ F* ?* O; }) K3 \/ }( Z9 H& N
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 X& w! E# H9 e0 G# `' cincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 a. P1 E' G  d  `2 c  Q% F* d# Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ N5 N/ R( Y! Z8 u9 g$ X
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
, h8 D% f* ~- o; lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- j' ~4 t& }, }0 w0 Y2 f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 z5 T% `1 Y9 ?
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 N  E( x* ?1 fmales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ Q; R9 M8 a6 W) S* L( R8 i/ Q- `may have similar precocious puberty.37 S- V+ s& h6 J* C7 |2 l4 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
" H1 Z% y$ ]+ I0 Ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& a/ H: ]  I8 o& Y( scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
8 i8 R! D4 V& {7 E0 dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
" C2 ~" {9 n- \  G3 f( s$ {0 Astarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% E& N9 b0 O# U6 b' k9 m
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the8 L. u) V# I7 }9 J
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
5 T4 p0 E7 A0 S3 {/ dative initial history of androgen exposure, our* V- t0 Y: r- B( `+ u0 _( T, n. g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- a/ |1 ~, _' w0 {* u6 N9 O- z! k
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, r( J1 t1 _" I. D9 W- Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% A% n, d0 {; G8 A4 u6 z. }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ }$ G' N  f8 P0 M' B5 h$ pThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" E! Q6 G* m' u1 a& Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; q: O! Z+ p( e% }& |1 @% T+ z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ u5 @- q: d) X' Xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; X: o9 v" W8 E/ f$ h
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 }- B/ c: L! c8 Y, \  s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 j" V" v* J  p) B5 y7 y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' f) h! l' Q7 B4 |' ZDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. n  C8 _* V* G; P) i
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 b  @7 x/ t7 M% [. o6 Iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.( O7 [2 v3 {3 C9 C5 d. ~: k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  ?) U$ z4 `: {5 U5 z9 g5 w; u' o( qbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 ~: h% z; g8 M( z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, J- h' s* B  s
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) T/ n/ j! T$ Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 r9 W" c' a1 tOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% p3 C' h. @0 ]which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  \% b" u, T  ]. u# m: T
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 K! r& K: x+ N! d; b* v' w
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- a, p5 d0 w* F* ]* q! n+ x; g* Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone
9 q  s( Z0 e5 l' K* F* K7 Vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ }. Z7 w9 Z8 y4 f, Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* P" K( {* I3 L# c& O7 I" Y/ O+ X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in1 F2 I1 n' t# o' Q6 R/ o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and6 w- f7 d7 p+ l# A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; u8 w9 h+ f+ e5 ]0 v$ X3 \4 c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. m( l4 F$ x% \1 n2 ~- Vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& ^6 J/ q) L  D4 [" U% F, N. Aadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ m* j- Y8 C4 ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
$ B& E3 O6 ?3 ]" R9 tterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) T! E# _1 k: ]3 B- Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* A3 t. h+ {6 J% n8 Z
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 I" p8 n8 d  ~) Q6 [) z$ |) s
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  Z1 M3 |3 p8 p& _2 C4 H) d" RThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: }) ]! I* u9 M; z. B7 N% fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult0 x  S8 q3 @- @6 I2 [0 g
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 f; y; A1 ?8 e$ `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* g2 ]# s" `3 {. _' v
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,! ?9 w; s0 ~/ L' E% \* w% w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 D4 H1 g1 c! ^  S+ I- o
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* C5 v  h3 s, I) Q
penile length in clinical studies.8 C3 }, F; j) F4 T2 A# h3 m
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ C3 b) z. M9 E8 N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) z7 a3 K$ @: Xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 _. v8 X* g3 Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! G2 w- B, R* C  A& F0 hAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of  u0 q% k+ n3 T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at3 D% y0 g, B9 l' j- w+ w* F
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ P: {4 E& b$ Y; C, B+ gheight will not be affected.
, A7 f2 L" ~0 ^1 K7 oAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: Q( v. j2 K2 T3 k" hability of androgen products in our society may4 }7 f+ F/ A- u
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# p' Z7 V" U. t! r9 x% m$ o/ X
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: v3 }' V6 |3 ?9 Y+ J& p9 u  Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-% e  C; v& M, P* T* A% X+ E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 X5 I" I% T% \  _7 z+ g( u
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 R0 P! W5 p6 dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-& J6 D) d" P  H5 c
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 ?0 H( r& V* {nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ _. l1 V8 R. z5 m. a: ]3 s
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
7 a+ ^8 S$ [; N; H/ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* ~! _* P& S* _2 \5 @% bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. ]+ m! B5 L) kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* Q3 l+ A6 t* q" a# v- r
aware of this fact, because most of these children# G: u; C% P8 o& c8 O* w/ s
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: W) a5 q5 e$ y4 Y, g4 w2 y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 H' g/ a7 z5 g  e/ Fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! b6 F( R6 }& w& cfemale child who might come in contact with some-
& \  U( w8 D7 ^6 rone using any of these products.) a) w0 k% R2 I/ ?
References! A- i8 C) G# v0 S/ H
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 z* s4 J/ m+ Y# q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. ^" N( C# @# k" X9 NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 u- `* M3 T; o, S  D2002: 565-628.+ [; W. N& z6 D0 N0 L" J3 f
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ ?. b  V5 y, R: ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
) m9 E9 f! U: J7 k  ^) H
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表