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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 T. u& C, S: `( i( zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical/ G& H# D& ^7 j) o4 A: H# Y8 i
Exposure to Testosterone9 U+ v$ I/ X, p1 v0 ^9 {2 E2 N
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 Q6 v3 Z9 v6 G6 i8 ]: a
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" ?" O1 n$ c! a. q% p6 ^2 x$ s6 q# T
Clinical Pediatrics
5 f5 J8 ?' d6 u: dVolume 46 Number 6& R+ N" A6 p. _
July 2007 540-543
: D% c; \/ v9 G# K# N) Y. O© 2007 Sage Publications
+ O7 c! c; A- p6 S10.1177/0009922806296651' |0 Z/ [; ^1 p
http://clp.sagepub.com) N0 S, q9 D/ ?! W
hosted at
. Y2 F$ y0 }9 _. \# N, x! Xhttp://online.sagepub.com
F- R, u& M/ d7 U% U5 ]- r% V6 YPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 [( F3 G, ~, m- nis a significant concern for physicians. Central- P9 r) `5 @6 s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 F# }' C5 C* I- f
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 H. d$ V8 }2 t# K9 E La higher incidence of organic central nervous system/ k/ i0 f6 Z9 ]. m A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 I7 L+ W0 j [& D) `' |* _by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- V: v; U4 C2 ~- W) z: ~
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. S: G/ k, G+ R0 g% ?( r' ?7 W! Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 | b( F9 M. o( I, O
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 T9 g2 X) s: h: A
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 Q D, \# h" j; ]
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. r# m& k# n5 ?* f' H5 c9 f" q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% G7 j+ ]% n6 Athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! o7 \% I& Y/ Z Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# U2 T& g6 m6 G) S6 }child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. k+ c+ z2 {2 I# y5 a$ g. Q! s# O
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! _/ Y9 o# s. x8 x) Ibly more common than the rare case report in the* I( s- n T& h/ b
literature.4; h0 A8 W% V& Y* q7 V4 ^+ c
Patient Report; z/ p: |' s) b D% c) u( A
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, Y& F; j- Q9 B2 L# t3 ?& v( k Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 q9 o% ^9 P* u k$ |; [* u( oof early sexual development. His mother noticed$ Q1 V4 ~" s4 Q
light colored pubic hair development when he was6 z% k: J$ s1 j: r+ x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 T0 Q$ J& ^1 n% O) mSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) l9 u' W3 {+ t9 B" P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& ^& E. l; d8 a$ z2 h& R+ ~
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' _! v5 @, g, y! X# N0 C7 a
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; e. {0 S' O u/ @; P
e-mail: [email protected].
5 O- N: p0 ?3 H2 K0 y; y$ m6 qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 K& B( S' l1 ?( T2 |# `" Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( ]. f p% U/ Q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. ]3 ~" T& ^! K5 F" h& p
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( d# w$ j) j2 {& b* da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* J) e$ a+ H& `, y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% p6 A8 U& u0 g1 i' w7 V. Mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, x! b$ N2 t, L8 s; ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 h( J% l; O, u0 o7 W6 M7 mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development; o) |# U8 K+ ?$ u; e
was age appropriate." U3 ]* s! \5 [; g; H
The family history was remarkable for the father,
* }( `. Q+ J; Y$ Z6 N/ p) mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# U4 `1 E# j9 ~1 a. n6 b" A/ P6 T2 e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 F, F; \) s# \; [8 b9 y+ {% x# fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
i% v. c' k' p% i1 Fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& D* |5 m) H. v* D4 S8 ]( K* v
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 l: f3 L7 d. W0 b4 y9 T/ B3 v4 m9 Bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! B; C1 L9 h0 ?* {" V
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 \; {+ z' [8 ~6 V5 B7 C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) g$ \* q$ B* I4 [* E
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 U" a' h" `' s. A+ h1 I
tives. There were no siblings.% t! Z' K5 @% y8 K9 [$ D' y- N8 U5 r
Physical Examination9 v* F: ~- e# D9 b: g" C
The physical examination revealed a very active,7 y( O1 O; U- l }$ e$ u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 @( U+ X2 M& K6 Va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 L5 K- J5 e% a4 t) O& m$ n R" U90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 h) o5 I/ i& Y' g/ d: V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 S3 v8 Q/ v3 n4 r8 r# t% |velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. [6 w( X1 G5 z+ l8 Uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* O+ [8 J- e! {) q8 b+ _1 U
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, U: ]) f& l7 K# O# p2 J8 m, B5 H
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ D* D6 N1 y1 t7 U, q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" G F% a& p D6 c; i7 Vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) P- v0 q; A6 n% x
540
% G" y, ?" u9 D) C% m/ B( m$ kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! j. \2 k0 i1 |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 V- ]" R0 f) x' d3 x/ Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. M$ C' i; F0 J) k7 l3 l7 G2 ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% }4 z8 j: o/ y, Z) ]' a
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 O0 `1 _; B& [: Babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) K; |- `% i; G* F6 v! C3 ]) bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+$ W {" w4 y+ u+ y. f% J
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& H+ F$ L0 E1 ^ K) O4 yof papilledema./ I0 r/ ~* L1 U9 `5 \; i
Laboratory Evaluation( K, ~/ E0 v: y- ]! i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: n: I" r9 x5 M$ E% y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ W: y; s( |2 j; ~" d E7 Tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 P; X4 z$ i4 F! l/ Q0 ]% skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ \# K* u) @* F% P
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: A( X& s0 ^2 H- e# s: d. H |. s% Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* w" F6 c6 v' H) ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" E2 I3 X4 `" O, ^7 L' Y5 h
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 [( h8 f5 N1 y& o7 Ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration2 Z. h/ ^5 ~; {* P6 W1 w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% y# E. }! d- {& r6 V+ b
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; N8 }5 V7 s* w% K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( J: M8 Y5 x$ o
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ s( }/ m. U z9 o4 k+ d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% U0 V7 x( H( A4 n7 Q4 ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 V' d1 z/ g' x8 W% @5 X, s+ g% ^5 C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) d$ q# h4 u$ k# s/ q; d9 J5 D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ I2 Y4 f% n9 n4 @4 j
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 U2 I( Y; F+ ]4 K$ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 M% l! e: g, c7 D
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- _5 b8 \+ p. }( q2 g7 Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 Z j* p' y5 k' m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; p. F" w+ N4 ^
(prepubertal).
* Z% h% Z: H- zThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ d4 q( j; r2 J# g& H
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; e, T# s1 Q; Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 `; t+ M9 b3 }0 w2 Y9 l! k5 r4 w8 Q/ Y, |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, P, ~0 D# z: G1 n7 s4 o) t# q7 U% bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 d4 t; z" r1 {* o$ W9 p2 b% O
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: _) ^/ {/ S1 ]$ }) i9 U5 Z X, tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
* z! ~4 L# n4 G1 O* echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 _: P$ M3 I+ P$ @
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 A: j6 `) o! r' }( @
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 H1 J" @7 [2 G* D; b, Gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 M" G1 L* C6 I$ Ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ O9 K9 Z! |4 h$ ]& [" i; R) o% ]mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# X4 b; Q$ F5 a, @7 ?1 f8 o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( o( P1 [/ u, ?" s% H
ing frequent erections.
V6 o0 A1 g4 S+ GBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- y. c( |, s" ?4 g Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 g6 I$ a- [$ |- f) _4 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 Z( `+ a. d! V% f) X" o
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" t2 i6 e" G3 g8 t" N" ]use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 a4 Y1 z& {/ H% ]5 x3 Oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 E7 k& P8 F, {" ^) Q8 c g/ [a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# v4 F) W) q7 ?8 Oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% i2 f9 t ]! P+ g: Q9 X. F8 y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 ~8 Y1 t0 n4 A/ E! a" O; Qsecondary to depression.& C3 O b2 R8 d$ ]/ ^* C6 B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. z6 Q0 F" X7 d* @- rThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his; t4 \" F7 g- c0 }& ]9 V* L+ G* F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 l: [: K5 E5 T# z' {) V
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father. \% y! i' u: _% U0 B' B4 c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! }, ^2 L0 ~8 c" n4 V. V! W* zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 G6 c% {8 Y# P. }( F" S. U# V+ c) ?0 pwas high, he then read the product information5 M: M6 X% Z6 _2 P) h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
* \0 _) R L. R( F9 p/ v# u6 d2 pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# a! L- ^, R2 A7 P1 o2 m+ l+ p Jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ L7 M$ o/ o4 Afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( ^# E! w+ N7 Z4 q% m8 r
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( z2 q& S2 L+ \$ F* o1 b6 q! Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the( S) n3 x# Z: e0 M& Y4 y
laboratory to obtain the test.& W2 h& T" F- `
Discussion
7 R+ `) H6 O. }0 n7 t. |+ DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 |' y1 x z7 Qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 W* }# Q0 U( r/ XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 K7 G. N+ N% cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. C9 T! _* E8 W$ T7 U. @thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 l9 O0 f- c% d. T- Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 f; T0 m) p' G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
) N% ~2 f5 q5 p! F6 C5 dresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 G$ Z# s3 p) P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. O7 h+ K# E- _9 E3 l4 A0 ~/ ^sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ u! Q) \! G" g" F! q) hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 V' b$ N# v% P5 L4 R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. r) x+ q) U8 b& m
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: h7 R3 n- e. n) T6 |
gonadotropins.1,36 H1 K+ s4 o% R: S8 D
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( b4 ^! d4 _) D$ qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 ]% y7 m( |3 o: ^. Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or) U) J4 _$ P4 h2 @- v
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 o x' ]5 I' {3 H0 w" h2 ], `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, q& ?- u2 L: d4 B, V+ X
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
) u$ U7 \1 c4 r: j+ @: F' }/ tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: a' W- c, K. x% c: zpuberty in boys.3,44 T# c) |) o2 N! m9 ^2 r1 H" _
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 p* C; @! g) p9 l% o. ~- t
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 K$ D; V- E- U5 {' h* YThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, }; [2 Y6 O! e' `: L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ Y; a I( ?( }# Z
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 e1 \' q2 k8 [' k8 ^
excess.1,31 D$ h& V( W7 A8 s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 U" a7 f: W/ w1 n% G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' f# ]0 V3 Q$ m) w* RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# m+ b, e, x- _2 i0 v
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ L# U6 J0 q! e2 R8 G9 L
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; t7 B7 d) M* }8 j
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 e6 o0 i# Z* y3 Cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
; _# e2 g) `" d. c5 k+ ^including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% J7 }5 D! N3 f
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ H3 i( P0 I8 ^( Z; D6 k
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
7 W$ F7 m" ]. gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. v% b& d+ b1 s( R4 ^/ {- Ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 n3 A V! y1 I2 H( y
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. I" j2 A/ x* Y, [" I2 nmales; therefore, other male members of the family9 {8 U4 t; D& H
may have similar precocious puberty.36 L4 f+ h/ ~" P% \
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 r1 A: A* B* K4 q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- H+ D. ~2 |7 r3 z, q* B
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- w! U, @6 U k# V& L) F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 r* i/ n4 \/ S9 Y* q( ^
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 q7 \2 z2 Z# V7 I
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ a% A0 j& X+ f, `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ s4 [8 r2 o' R- v, h
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 e v p4 I5 K1 f3 ]' q/ S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" G% b) a T" c# F, ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- u: k4 f2 J+ H. p5 H; r* p/ `! ndeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# U( v* |; i) c( C; king the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: P6 e5 G( y1 L0 ~) N+ Y- C4 MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. L3 b( G: y6 S* N4 F$ u" \& ]7 fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% I: C$ F- {& Y2 e9 F" F3 [9 k0 F
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 y( a; f( F1 y
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; ~7 T% v* V7 }: J. r+ u: ]* _( H
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% p0 Z1 {1 J! G) q% \& l1 i' H9 M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 C6 W+ g0 u0 F; E/ L" g- _using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ E) c/ ^8 ?' m0 ^Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
k# N- e; K/ m6 }( W- d: Ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: `7 U; Z, J/ g( @7 @ p2 Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
U5 z- u8 ?& s4 B+ vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% w; [/ q8 f% z$ J1 J% i- l5 ^baseline value in those females who were exposed to
. T( J) V' {& \4 [# Leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) M, @' M. b0 Y8 a r" B3 `) x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& B7 v: t/ L3 j5 L M/ B
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.6 I7 K. ]$ y% M s+ Q2 v5 d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( G9 Y2 e a* w& \) f: P5 e. |5 Ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( u* p( W6 k) K- jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" q; U' M2 W+ k% P6 lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% K: t+ t1 A2 n2 C% B1 `active in young children exposed to testosterone1 B8 L b1 E( G$ g# l4 D
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& P+ v2 b% q" n5 \7 `9 Udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ u# T/ }7 W) T5 q" u
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" ?/ ~' N7 S; v0 _+ @) N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 q) c/ \' R" C0 L! a) i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 V, y, w: a+ r) D% x
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 P9 h% T' |. ~* o% {1 {early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 d2 W7 t) K" q1 e, W8 Zadult height are not fully known and always remain: q+ r& z. a- A/ S) k. N0 ?- S0 H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 B- t) R9 |$ [; s& R5 yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# m' o4 H1 i" e: L: A& n
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% V( P# h; z6 P/ i. [
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ M! E6 V8 F U' J
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 [. l, i# r% q" IThere are conflicting reports and controversy/ O v+ L% R7 \( l( [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% F% }) T3 h7 N2 N; k2 I4 U" n, N
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal s6 {) k. I: B. o3 t( b% |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, q& y& k' v( Y4 B3 a" Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 z7 g$ q& n, l$ \ j8 I
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- |+ |+ X3 J, O& |
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" S% r$ }' F# K7 B0 X/ z4 _2 D
penile length in clinical studies.6 g: g# L F# S6 G# m( g
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& ^3 S! q* k+ e* @( Ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 W( X6 I. k7 G8 m/ K# ~5 xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 `' e! L8 m2 o2 H" |# sthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: j8 g4 e8 i# z2 CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 }0 y. U, W' p- k, udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( `' q* W; k5 g N$ xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 ?2 z% Q2 ^$ b( }) J* Cheight will not be affected., T% Y' Z1 q$ x: `/ j x) Q7 h4 s
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-# v7 D! x! ^0 C4 u7 w
ability of androgen products in our society may
# x% E, @8 Y/ Z1 V( C" _9 `indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 a$ w6 v$ Q5 X" j5 Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 C: ^- S" z3 c% \! Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-* [, Y) O: u. q/ O9 k0 l7 ^
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or( f' ], n) _# E3 P! L) T5 X
gel should be asked of the family members during: _+ ]/ l% z6 M" n
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- k- D8 ]5 H. `& k, S1 Z8 ^& R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 R) ^! L4 D: V. Z p
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by ?) i) m, `1 s! m& }
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! p4 Y/ U h4 T2 D8 z* m% j
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 Q# { E1 Z$ }, h7 X. {9 m
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ E$ b* E. c, @) W* r* \; O, e
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ |' x& [$ p* s: X% J O6 \aware of this fact, because most of these children% w0 j# E0 c1 [2 x9 Z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# F2 r. t) I8 S2 V" R- K
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a3 c9 d; f2 N9 H- X5 c z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 E1 ?+ n8 O; e$ _$ W) Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 d- h8 k4 T/ _( L, K3 x. J! W. D! z8 \
one using any of these products.+ D2 z/ [: c- d h J
References7 _, I8 i7 N, y7 Z- C
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 \3 h9 X8 G8 V4 x
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% F, q) `, p" S# r& ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 u) P4 W/ z; j: n, n
2002: 565-628." u/ q% U- z( P
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 P8 P$ W4 C' m; x( V' `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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