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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 y8 G3 G& X9 |( C
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' t2 T+ ~6 s0 j$ g/ _* P) RExposure to Testosterone1 A2 R/ n5 k: V; B  h0 u) N5 ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ u2 ]# D1 x/ b5 f" Y+ m* K
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 J9 c& v9 t2 C  }- d9 zClinical Pediatrics# @8 ]# m) w; B/ s
Volume 46 Number 6: q8 I& e) _1 S. n% F% B4 o
July 2007 540-543
0 M2 N. |' d( O7 D6 p/ T, s- g© 2007 Sage Publications* M( B9 @8 K! e9 f1 F+ h! |
10.1177/0009922806296651
- b7 O2 k; U% ]+ s- {http://clp.sagepub.com7 V* v  e9 D% L2 s4 Y8 Q
hosted at: ^) z% _' F4 X
http://online.sagepub.com
8 L' \# z* e6 k) XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 G: F- t# n$ u& m( l
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& O& Y4 o, U& @0 U' \' u1 U0 z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; W3 k  c; D$ D# H0 G! Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 Z' Q' Z* w! O$ e8 K0 Z: m- Ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 B1 U  G6 ]8 n# {  c1 t0 mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- N. E, d3 O- N2 Y+ K% B1 H
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 H0 i! w! O" Z- _0 P% P+ s8 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- j* |: ~* b, I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 Y5 B; N% Z: xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. z% f1 m" k1 j6 n6 n6 V$ X6 o1 penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 y) M3 B7 X. m9 O1 m8 {ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- j4 f3 Q3 `) s7 j4 V' nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 ^0 h) s* M! u8 f3 v- J8 x( ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' T  d7 O- W! c# c" t7 `" z9 Z/ Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ Y, R0 P$ C# ~. _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 ?2 S" `; P- l" N5 U0 K; d
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ A9 \# I5 X  L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
( H7 K; a6 }0 `* Iliterature.4, b  n- m4 P; g$ H
Patient Report
' A$ A2 W8 h4 G0 E; hA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 A) e3 j: A# ^7 Z* y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 i& s& R: Q) {' x& @2 ^6 Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 @- g+ k/ v0 H$ Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ q1 Z# Y+ i9 \( b+ u1 _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' f: I, V* F5 D, Y7 i/ nSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- t/ p0 a8 c( S, J. sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% m, m2 I/ j, Q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 q  s& F3 G3 F( J/ |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) _% p! ~, V0 u
e-mail: [email protected].: U2 u: q; _# [. ?( G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, z8 G. R$ z8 p/ @8 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 ^( v3 V5 {" @0 B5 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' ^3 I7 `0 s: D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 J+ d6 |' D8 C) f7 m: X9 F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; |! P) f' D: Y' g' L! v7 ?; \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 M3 X  N5 V% S/ g0 i/ w
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 r1 N/ n6 |! k! ~& Gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ R: e8 Z  N1 ?2 q6 G
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% v" N; R5 B3 e7 z% Z9 D" t+ G9 a
was age appropriate.
$ M+ {' n4 H2 m/ R5 L* [# lThe family history was remarkable for the father,
0 Q% ~2 e4 ^+ [/ Cwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% P0 d- e& `8 R" h6 H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- M# {# \3 H  j( _; p, T# w) @height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" E* C6 }# k7 f" D3 d" R4 o' \
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 M9 G3 `3 \3 ^9 u- c
The father denied taking any other medication. The' r: j/ m& l9 A9 w" [  X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, k) z8 I2 j$ e5 p: j
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  {& E6 K0 U; e' W3 i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 W  k* m; C, e  J5 Y( P/ ~cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 o( M7 f7 f# s% b* m
tives. There were no siblings.' H! Y& {' S$ D2 `! f: r( a* ]
Physical Examination! q; O, e! ~) ~0 ^5 b( z2 r
The physical examination revealed a very active,
! Q; ^5 l5 F8 ]playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 X# B+ g0 o9 ?5 Y6 P8 ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# e$ V* u) {, a3 G$ Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& V6 D6 e6 m9 e' |9 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! H- i' Q7 z( e0 c- W5 B* }) g8 ]# e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ m; ?$ ~! a) B( q* {5 Y' f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! E2 {4 }* C6 l) {) }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% S/ Q  w8 [3 d5 P7 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 E! r: d+ o: S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 n: e, N& X3 j4 [developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 U$ ?. I4 h; Q2 U; U, E; m, s
540
$ \9 ]# d; w! z# G+ I8 lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  b  y8 e+ r: @8 }the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" t' x# M2 d: d  X" T' W+ Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ k7 z/ k: @  k* C7 j  L* ^4 HThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 b# c5 H" ?# \( |% B- Q) P) D$ |, l. ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  l9 {) E# g0 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
* {) Q: B/ F0 f( n6 B4 y; C) _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( V. `+ W! E3 R3 `$ Y: gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, Y0 S, M" e6 j% ^( o& Y
of papilledema.( R$ L2 @. |; }* Z) v
Laboratory Evaluation
- x6 h8 \9 m" q6 Z( X2 C0 ^" HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 E% z- T  Q# p& k" h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) l& _/ Y( O& P; I5 h1 B
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( j* B# j- w5 m1 s+ s% P0 K; ^karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, }6 `: ^" @  i) ]! q4 p. ]" \0 ]$ A- R2 G
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' \& q4 W- H) Y& o- z2 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* i& |" v( g* d; O9 n3 f& G) ?' L
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: h4 ?3 D1 u6 h  J
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 `3 ~3 s5 B. V$ |, y4 ?# O: k8 m
within normal range for his age. The concentration# e% O, D4 f; A5 M+ v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 Z( T: f% ]0 P. d+ Q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ ~% @8 h: T# b  X, _& u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ M8 B1 e3 X' i9 @' r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 [! ^$ M0 k( H% q8 H. K$ {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 a2 L, A* t7 {' K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), F$ N/ z" \2 b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 y/ ^; O* i8 A$ z7 k3 p; s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 ~! j# _, V3 u5 Y& u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( Z; \( j% n$ e+ o- v) {; `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 w& a0 s# `5 A; M  ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 f$ [$ D$ q+ S- I
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 n# [* z4 |6 l# d' F- j
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 l: B' \/ L" _; j
(prepubertal).! v# R% A) Y9 ]7 I8 C
The parents were notified about the laboratory: ]9 [3 S1 ], m& s7 ]9 t
results and were informed that all of the tests were: C) l7 ~0 D1 ~( A0 S: o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. Z4 u8 ~( w# t1 q/ x5 g1 j
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 \! m9 D: {9 _: ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& o4 X; `# e7 Q9 ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
+ l7 f' |, }" k2 CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 Z5 S  o4 x& Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 Z4 Y) Z6 P# s$ l, H
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# q; f4 A( W% n. K( v5 d3 n3 r
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 R) n1 i( l2 g& o* U2 d7 T3 mpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% p/ D/ H; n; w: K3 j3 ethe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 B+ \* z1 w- g! P4 W; w* v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 G, ]0 T1 {/ h* K( M! j# dThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* q' {) ?6 D: {& {+ I$ ~ing frequent erections.) r' H0 z2 V! `- s
Both parents were again questioned about use of, t4 B/ |0 N) Q1 n* Y0 {7 j
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- F: g2 z5 o0 `- u! c* Y8 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" N1 _6 m0 Q1 u( XTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 Z& m; t( C$ Fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: z, Y0 p* l, e0 N' X& Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ [" S8 d) t. o1 `7 O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% B7 H8 u0 Y7 M  K3 rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' j7 ~1 t+ D6 }1 G4 d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, }$ n( t8 @; n8 hsecondary to depression.; m4 @, @0 |( L. ?$ c/ P: P( i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
7 s& d" o& J/ S7 uThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 c/ l: I- u$ p% x' Z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. X  e/ a* e7 l2 K& _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# b( R+ m5 p' r- SThe father also admitted that after the phone call,$ \& X# {% D4 c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* ^# s- d% J. H
was high, he then read the product information
4 B3 ~4 U+ {- y9 q5 }packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
  m- F, R1 A$ Q1 I  I5 d) g1 Kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 u3 a/ J! E$ w! g2 k' ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ [- b1 k) J- }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 u. X$ U4 k) d& D7 ^# w9 p! hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  X1 W' ~$ P8 W3 }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 ^1 B/ g# q2 l! F" ?) o3 Blaboratory to obtain the test.; W, S$ ?6 {& M4 x' h
Discussion9 `  E0 p% r% w  j# _
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 [  C+ ^) C' D$ Z$ [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 R( a  B% P, d) c7 fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" E7 S" V8 W5 \, T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 y1 b2 y  f) q$ J# G9 |5 s+ P$ Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- n( A+ b6 N& t( p- G, A0 u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 T: u6 ]8 ]6 j9 u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is0 C4 E$ w) T3 E* W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! b) `% w# d) T* L( f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* v# v# R- r+ H7 k, \9 Psis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ }5 u* }, x# O2 P" p6 E* O4 H
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( I4 D# W  j7 F9 y  X5 `6 n, g) ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# p; _2 o5 T3 G$ C) Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 A% C5 N+ f1 t' k! }& ~
gonadotropins.1,33 f  s7 \& X& a, r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; j. H+ \' [# u( L/ c# p. T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& M3 s0 A4 k' ]4 n' \# ?2 j* q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ O2 a* q" b- z' C) a7 `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. |6 C; u3 D2 i1 B& W; P& {* iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 Y( S$ n4 S% X$ y: Q% k- B7 Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 z" U$ ?& u! e# r" w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, k0 q# ~6 r; q# C( L2 Ipuberty in boys.3,4/ `" T: q+ q1 P0 a& ^3 Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 C9 H$ ~! b6 d+ n- Q3 d7 mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 w3 M1 D( w( ?The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& x  d% r9 w; L! P/ m! `( C& Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 E6 z( I6 E: V- V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! h3 y+ B1 i* i& i5 J: {1 H" k
excess.1,3
/ c3 D; W  j, ^7 H0 yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ a! |7 m2 ~0 |0 u0 F0 S4 e4 Y8 m0 L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 J; U8 N0 j! u% z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( J/ z9 a) [# P3 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. t7 N$ Z, l0 a
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 b# l# N3 h9 W* I" {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
! f, `) j! l$ N1 P6 mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 |4 G' m1 V. r* X- Mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ m# ?) x/ P' @( b8 V
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) {. ?! J# h4 z/ V5 ]3 g& e9 d( L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 n; e+ V7 c8 E3 H* N( J4 b2 I# t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ E  {/ z! q" F" D+ l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) \  W1 @9 h3 g+ A+ A1 Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ H& t  U; I$ B/ I  b6 L3 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 {6 r* L& x: a# r. ^. kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ L) v% }% l8 m' SIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 I' J$ h0 V2 ?! w( H
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: H3 a& s: k+ v7 s3 }$ Z
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* {/ C4 H) |1 F' k6 ~
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: k8 X/ V1 ?. r4 h* w$ bstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," h: e' U* Y& Z+ n. [) m
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& Q# a% K4 h; ^  ]! }8 e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 x* v( Z2 m1 m3 \% a& R* Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ G& z. A6 H! J6 F0 j0 ~; o; @: a( Q% \
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  i- e. q! Y" m7 _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& |1 u. C" R& A' [# M) O; b0 }& Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- S! n8 i% y% T5 _0 s) z* o8 Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 C$ m+ e, q; {/ T
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ c5 L# _3 A4 }0 U7 J5 Wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& d: q# V8 c4 v, _" kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, k; I, M8 i, d& bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 Y8 _# I- @: d& y: ]6 `5 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: d' _" y/ L4 ~, B2 Y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( k2 A2 B. G! ]# Q! [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# a# T% k# U% ^- j+ d9 y7 HDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 g. d! M& i; t7 y/ r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- C, G6 O6 _' N( U2 gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 g# \! A( @) I5 I% USerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 |3 R1 X: k8 v+ L0 n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 ^# f' a" T0 y/ s; Ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. A* S7 Q9 q) T" ?, t1 f* U/ N
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 r! T2 S' L/ G. \0 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 u7 k6 {1 u. o2 @# G' X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 L7 S3 }. G  u' H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 C$ v* g0 |$ Kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% b0 j7 R) U: Vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more1 t( f. _0 @# F' O- b3 a! Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ F" I9 f# F* W2 I
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  t/ P; W1 u5 S2 ]1 J
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! r1 X8 L; z3 x+ n+ [
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ F+ W, i& o' y1 k$ D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and# I9 \* p5 A8 z5 A) G) y( R$ l
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 k/ i. O7 A$ j4 T
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, z& G: }- ^  E6 _9 d& p
early childhood on pubertal development and final
  ]$ b/ a, A  `) h' \( Eadult height are not fully known and always remain
* @7 p6 F* G- E! t8 G# Ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, \0 z, ]/ P$ N* L4 j$ ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- q4 ]$ ^8 f& P$ o/ ?, bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after2 G3 X. K  ]" Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 }( n9 y3 ^2 ~$ ^  F
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 c- u& C/ B' O6 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* M# @) a# b" n% X0 e5 [over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& ^& G- B! ?+ \1 C- Z4 a. t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" p6 a: O6 J2 p) [! X' e% S1 P3 q, f7 k4 ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, H, L/ W( f( y- b
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' D6 m  b5 V2 P6 a; S; o& ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# I( j* D. T/ ~. jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 N& ?+ y) [4 |* @( L3 C; _penile length in clinical studies.2 g. @/ X% E! b. ], ^
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! q& g9 }% O  L1 {$ p+ I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from/ G) A' P; {- c5 a! ?% P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ @- e( U- E+ z8 s9 ^
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.9 ?  E7 @1 \4 n5 B0 a+ g1 v2 W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 X: F5 D0 n* f, f* Qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' r$ n& }- v6 @2 {) Y# B) o
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 O3 ?7 r( S0 B! R7 g+ L7 b' qheight will not be affected.
" R  T2 {( F" n5 PAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) v% w) j$ Y4 `6 U0 I: Hability of androgen products in our society may
/ n$ v0 V! D- a' xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
# f7 Q7 [- M8 P  T- c# A( cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" A3 M+ \/ B/ y4 w5 K, X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) N  S% b, H$ c6 r, wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  @  `# \6 {* hgel should be asked of the family members during6 r# m/ R& v; m' A9 @) j. w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 a9 }* i1 @3 C" V  W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 m. Z' M; a/ V6 \' M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* a( y% [& G+ V4 M) {" D* R9 F  Y$ lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" u9 x8 f" r# M4 u3 L% B% `
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ L. H+ K4 m$ h5 A) J1 B/ v! Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 O$ l: m1 i7 ^: |investigation. The primary care physician should be" d: S! {# Q" i& y. I) I
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& ^) m# n) c# x2 B# a4 Kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, A: A+ f' ~7 V/ _  V; y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 z1 X, j# ^  {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. L. \) g/ i( f+ F
female child who might come in contact with some-: v3 X6 s4 _. x. ~/ e
one using any of these products.
2 k# t' O4 X! w5 ?' `% J& \References+ O; T0 S# a  h2 R2 y- H$ c
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: \" {1 H/ [$ u# Fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# Y6 U, g% A1 m" Z* B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 I+ z7 r0 ]; {# `, [
2002: 565-628.; B. V- R2 c0 y$ T# ^5 w( P* b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: T$ R! N* c' s" Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ i6 ?5 c8 q& h: [2 h% x$ _" k/ L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 @4 C: Z4 m& ^' K3 \" @' \. I% t
Exposure to Testosterone
' G8 `9 C: n; k! u! [3 ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; `6 R- X( i3 O+ p4 Q" `: {and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& J4 ?4 P2 e3 `( w3 `7 W
Clinical Pediatrics: T# i8 j5 d( g6 t( x/ |7 o
Volume 46 Number 6* m5 A- y  t  D! n1 S7 o" R
July 2007 540-543
8 Z# e, O6 l' k0 q* x© 2007 Sage Publications
* Z, Q6 F! D+ z& t! |# c1 B; H10.1177/0009922806296651
9 S7 A# E8 S3 {/ ?( W0 n7 Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com% w1 X; Z3 P. v7 _( K" N
hosted at
: H- {$ b" E) S. P! G  K/ s+ r% Nhttp://online.sagepub.com
2 c" z+ q2 R, l0 e& YPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," X: f1 l- @) |2 M, j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* Y2 J3 @% g: y/ K; m$ W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 e, }" y" T0 ?
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has1 a" x& _3 j5 ]) ~; }; ?# c
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 C) t! l6 `1 N; ^) j
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested1 D  i) K& d( `) ?
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 L  h2 h( }4 D+ X. n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* j% b4 e8 v" J, gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ M( B- N0 ]+ O/ treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
6 m1 }% q+ _. R8 Q" D  x4 b* eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. g" y4 ]' @# z' w5 x: D/ R" r8 K0 m
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  e5 ~5 b* k& A8 y& H. }4 {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) ]- T) C: n7 kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 V2 G# b/ i! s$ |7 X# ~- umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 L6 I: ^5 `% s+ B; A1 F) n
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: S" w! X" g4 N$ r, g. D' }, Mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) q! R& X( ^* F4 ^; m! T/ Xbly more common than the rare case report in the3 x, x5 s9 k5 c9 L$ {
literature.4
6 O& V7 L5 P! |1 {Patient Report! L( J/ z8 i# p7 _/ U, p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# F: L; _) h8 _# C/ ?; U5 kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* L; ]; j+ J( u2 h; r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed( q- H$ x/ F5 ?7 Q+ Y- \$ n5 l
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" q# \+ U' {  W: a: U9 IFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 J5 f! p  w6 G1 r7 ]9 P
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 J3 H+ K0 a1 h/ z) h( F( S  Y6 z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- ?9 a+ c$ P% z) W4 i# b
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; @! O# Q2 H- S8 p
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 p0 b3 ~& w1 e3 J. g* M9 Q- K( Ve-mail: [email protected].
0 b* X" u  H! z3 g. n- Gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 ?( T/ O5 E$ G" |5 t/ p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 W2 j4 \. `' `
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ q6 n6 |9 W8 Y7 _* z/ u
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% ^7 w/ W- t. T8 _& t+ |a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: P2 [4 H+ k( Q7 U, E! G) V! Y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 n  D: m' z- E& ?# Tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with- r; w# s" M4 y; \8 G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. e& X- T: M" G4 {3 Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ s9 O" |* J: ?, t2 g
was age appropriate.
) @0 \4 Z4 K; w& c* cThe family history was remarkable for the father,& j# ?% W' \+ s0 B: X# [4 E
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: c6 {+ R+ @6 R: owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! e# J1 g2 O4 h" j( zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; b4 D/ c7 ^# k  zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  _, U6 F" t9 `4 `9 @The father denied taking any other medication. The
3 }8 Z9 t" w8 O  o* T( `child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 o4 n' p/ |  cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: l0 g$ e$ r  `% @3 i% L1 H5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 f2 J9 l/ E- m8 |cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- `: C5 g8 S: P
tives. There were no siblings.
' i; w2 _7 L% C  I/ D4 _; k1 EPhysical Examination: o" \1 x8 {! e' A6 x& `3 V
The physical examination revealed a very active,3 G/ i0 ]; T: g
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 r; R7 P( `6 z0 Ta blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 k8 C1 @: U/ ~- t1 c7 o8 o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 s( c6 K# q' Q2 s  m" i(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth$ y2 X# J  I9 M3 f, t4 U: }$ n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* @! E2 s' e  o. n. l4 ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 j1 f7 j2 _/ y% x5 Y" PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, {8 R+ [) U3 \' q, E; \enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! D2 |4 T: [- S" x+ i0 v8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 y5 M7 D8 p8 O0 P6 _& v/ Ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ Z# B  x! q. ?7 I' Z
540
7 b% G4 Z8 i4 k3 vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 Z8 X0 N: x7 v  @the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* y( l! @9 n$ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! u  u6 }8 j8 y$ p! W" t( IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! n+ a1 Q7 a" K5 n, {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' T- g9 n( B$ q$ y' x* M- uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ M( S) Y1 Q; o; d) W% }Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
  n- [+ X4 `7 `+ \3 p* Z% Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 g# O; j* N7 K/ N+ g5 F( o. N  \
of papilledema.9 [# ~/ g5 s) F. a: s1 r
Laboratory Evaluation+ c3 D  p  J/ R5 {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 j7 N$ x7 D0 R7 a: Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 M# Q( h# z) m8 hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 ~* y  U1 H7 `7 j/ }  s5 [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 o1 W8 v1 }) W. H( ^showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) s- n3 H( t: a+ ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
) k. E' t$ J/ K/ [' B2 I7 P3 FThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- [; \9 @. u6 m" D. ?2 h  {6 @urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' v) K! l- O0 c. p  Q, bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" x5 P3 t( d( w9 R
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 F8 l: T5 e  k5 F/ C) U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' B$ [- k! p: v' b4 C( k
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% {4 t4 n( w5 Q3 r! `; f/ i$ E9 q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# D  h. L" k) \& n7 ?" Fdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to4 A/ p/ G5 ?" y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 W% P7 f# D' b! f& Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% w0 o8 _! {9 t* qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; D! {  ]& l8 |  ?1 y5 Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! \1 g2 F, V2 H. \( k' c: T) @, m
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ ]  ?$ g: d6 @4 O, F+ d' A& ~9 F
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; O3 N* O" Y5 X- m2 A
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 M4 H' c$ K2 @7 k8 Q7 i) ^5 X: M* Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL* Q9 |( K- w' u1 h$ ]: n8 r
(prepubertal).
2 O0 o3 b3 X; sThe parents were notified about the laboratory4 ?  X/ g$ h6 h- ~5 t1 u: ^. [% q
results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 l! y* D" _) S7 e) M, Hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The; d3 B  t3 s  _# N; d# K6 x. o
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 E6 E" _% t0 A8 r8 d" d2 vobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- h/ ~9 h7 n' B# a+ U" B7 B+ j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.: k$ Y* J- X% n% y& }5 A1 y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 H1 z/ j1 g# w7 ^# qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ S. z6 L1 C4 s3 j: Y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, O5 i+ j: ~2 K) r4 Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) U2 ]( X0 {% M& K% K5 u$ tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 M% _  S8 N+ [( C% \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! q2 o: o* X/ _( b, h3 AmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ o9 x& M7 H3 A
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- X+ g) g! O: v5 \
ing frequent erections.
) W6 D0 q7 M0 z- BBoth parents were again questioned about use of
' x+ S2 K( P& ^" c5 U9 A1 ^1 C  pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 \" Y+ V$ L  a; Z* A
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 u( A) W8 X6 W9 N" u5 pTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, b) ?! H# c1 \, E( @/ g7 `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* n* p! {) ^5 s5 v3 {$ b
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* ?3 z: Q3 g7 i3 I( p
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  m* A. H0 U" p8 M% q. v" ]to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ Q% Q0 L* `6 D+ V. g: ~+ mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido* ?* H" d/ F/ |( E4 `
secondary to depression.# b$ I! s' ~- I4 A( b
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ a7 t, \* H; M, e! H! {) }! oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 t& a, ^/ _5 u! x6 m2 L+ B
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" ]* d* b3 N, ~5 }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ r6 G  W* t- A  s
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( s4 L  f' K" l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- Q& t+ M& ~& v: o% dwas high, he then read the product information
0 D% [$ S! T5 \1 ]packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 l6 h) G& s7 Q8 Y; Z5 Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 H/ N& x. B2 D/ Q% R/ A2 cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ p0 e% p. r( Q8 N' |8 I( J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" T) `. H8 i- c3 e/ i0 Lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% N6 u9 k8 h" i7 g, v9 m7 `+ P
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% s/ G' Q4 n! c' B6 Zlaboratory to obtain the test.  D4 L* b4 T3 d- b
Discussion
+ ^) B! a1 w- s  ~8 xPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 j, B! s: y6 t# f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 _- Y5 b! s! A8 c
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- ~; @& K$ e4 E
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ C5 O, J' L' ^6 h* r$ S0 mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
; @6 P# x6 Y* rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 H' G- g( F& D- bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is  V5 J2 `4 u0 |- s! h% ~( N4 }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  e2 J: }7 O. Q% ^$ |( Q& _8 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: L7 D5 t' W  j6 n& l; Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ I9 f! I8 C9 ~6 y! e* o
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 I  ^3 `" ^# j  C( M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' [4 F) V: E) r$ |1 Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) J5 A; R' g7 e) {  W
gonadotropins.1,30 i# a7 x* _, O  x# I3 ^' s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" B" O' I# l5 J* q. A8 ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  I# Z* I: ~3 \androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 x9 R$ S* G1 f: [9 F1 U6 j/ }# u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ r" Z% p4 l' a& q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 c$ r: _4 F2 ^+ ^% k/ ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" o+ A7 j. j0 T9 L7 G4 O0 u& ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" e5 Y' ^. {8 q8 B8 x& I$ ]! Kpuberty in boys.3,4$ X" G3 F# @! E* U
The most common form of congenital adrenal
) Z; N8 b' a2 G* \/ chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# n- v/ z& {4 W9 O# o) CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) X1 M8 R4 q6 q! f6 g, ^) cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 X  d, F/ p: }7 B3 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: @. N8 k  c0 ~excess.1,37 v) _1 v. A+ C7 R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 v1 }' ?, ~+ ]+ S; y$ S
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 F4 Y$ ~1 N* \7 k6 I' ?, I
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 O; _8 A* ]6 c* |9 x. A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
" |( Q8 |# _+ ^$ Z: f* eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 ]) ?4 ?, f6 y8 P, q( I' h/ p9 V2 D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 j* }) a) |- [5 H
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 ~3 f1 V8 t1 n4 y. u5 ]2 g7 B( Dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# d3 b# ]! ~- h/ {3 Rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! o' [- W. t4 z9 H" oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
* C! E$ G1 q( g; P7 W- Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-5 z$ w. Y9 G* E( g1 z% W) J' p# B
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. D2 X+ ]) H: E# Sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only: z8 Y5 U! J# F) |; y- V* H+ L
males; therefore, other male members of the family
& I2 ]! M  J7 j6 tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ f, v# ]% F1 X  J" KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-- k8 \0 p& ~; a7 G3 \
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ S# g  z' h0 r' |cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 K) p( l  x% Q! a) T* C& [: d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
  o* Z3 e, W. Q+ s, {' ostarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 @: v# A/ S, ~9 \6 P- ~- stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. D. L' r8 L6 F2 R) G9 pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-* B! T- n. A- t1 _) ?/ q9 J8 N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* ]  \' G7 X. |0 \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. J+ I' W/ _- b! m. ]either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ S( T' m8 p9 f/ d- S, R
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: g! c5 k4 [3 t# |5 K
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* k1 R7 w7 B: k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! @# D, V' m( o+ m5 xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, o% W% c% M: t. {$ b) M
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' R: u( @7 l1 g3 z" X  H# Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
) \7 a, {" O/ @/ G8 b5 S" k; hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 N, w; K  m2 ]: Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: b) _: h3 M: a( Wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 a. v( g. L0 P( g2 JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 X* p4 r% a. E" S% q8 T; s
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ }( q7 g, Y9 d+ M" g8 j
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( K. i8 u7 X7 M2 g' ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. Z6 j! [* H) I0 Z. b+ R
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: E5 n8 H7 c# e9 X2 d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; B0 {1 J+ L+ v, e4 Upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 B6 E) P$ k  ~  Z; g# |4 m9 `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.3 n  j* P9 z8 c( {' z  g. F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( l- L7 Q6 c2 P# w/ M3 |- s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( v' b8 V* i4 i* idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ Q+ l; I$ ~7 T# {
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! n  |! ~% G3 b! Q4 I# @' U
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ a* S8 r" O( T2 Z/ }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 j) s% k; L; U0 W
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' S" I% w' A/ {9 e3 A
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& q, {. f  J6 g; V( Y) A2 `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( x4 [! Z) G- A; W0 f
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' G8 a7 c  R& c1 \* y8 u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during( m! l( U- K1 s* ?
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% |2 p. f) g% {/ Zadult height are not fully known and always remain
' H. v0 }8 W. s2 H) p; ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( m  b; U3 ]! k4 a3 q/ A( K" m
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ l! g0 Q3 ~  P5 zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( v6 Q/ {; A+ z- g
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! P9 T; U( b; e, u! |7 l3 L' Q" vdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. ~% t* U4 B8 H& d3 w2 _1 eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
' {( o/ T( r: g& {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% h9 S1 \, J4 S4 v( B; O7 A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 S4 b. t# h" K1 r& Hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ }% ^5 I/ u8 Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# f5 {3 ^% T" B( [# I  _$ D  RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) X8 s: H, M/ P& f6 M( d4 ]7 |, Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ l. y, c9 f: b9 X- k8 d0 R
penile length in clinical studies.) S5 J' P7 R3 @8 l% z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. P3 Z( H# x$ [+ G2 A7 C( C) e, q: ]going to experience any of the untoward effects from( W' M# t4 x: ^% E1 |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! o! H6 s1 w1 f( ]1 ^" \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." }( W6 U' J& {+ U1 K& A' Q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ ]' h. G' v) \' `$ F" p$ Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: i* ?8 ?/ C/ N6 |  s& L3 ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. W# q3 p6 z/ M6 h; y3 a8 ~height will not be affected./ ~1 j. h" @! m  u+ Z$ x! y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-" N7 S: n8 ?1 E0 D7 b- c0 d
ability of androgen products in our society may
( U! C: _; W9 F) oindeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 N9 k' I$ e0 Q2 ~1 U0 }$ ~children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% G3 H6 D, F! E. v) m+ W  |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 n9 M4 u$ o$ [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 l6 X* e9 J$ D1 r. g7 O3 Mgel should be asked of the family members during* W/ Q+ Q! \1 r9 j: Z+ Y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% V7 P8 q2 Z3 Q* Y4 q* h
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 b* q8 D% E' i: x8 D& j9 }& L: l3 [+ Pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; }: a; O) m& K1 }5 Q' ]6 dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  \4 U' R$ Y& o' h  T3 ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( Z+ Z, |: M# r
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- |& S' T- [) `- \; V
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ p6 h- P+ f( [3 E9 {
aware of this fact, because most of these children
7 B, e; Q' u! x5 ~may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ A: G( H$ k. @2 I* YDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& ]+ u) W# \# d9 ]% V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  |) K$ [' e/ C6 i0 ]& Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-
) x# ^4 O$ M7 F7 ~' Rone using any of these products.- p+ K8 j7 o& R2 t5 t
References
6 k8 N6 ^+ `0 z; A) N1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 @/ E4 `( W1 }; u2 Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ ^" z" D6 |4 n: z0 a" U. Y! WEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" D! o. K- n+ x6 H6 ~$ K
2002: 565-628.- @9 A+ X$ L) u- j3 H
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- L$ K! q6 n- I4 d2 F1 J' Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
- {2 T( Z# i! H8 Y- Z  i" I3 S
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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