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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  a3 L/ z+ @0 @* ]% ]4 L+ j4 xBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 W- ~8 `$ R2 J- vExposure to Testosterone. x/ L( w. b1 S# U/ R5 f8 W  y/ y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2! s2 J) o8 b' [) D/ O( m9 E
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 \. H' a9 r5 z# yClinical Pediatrics- }9 U, J: F6 C. ~/ z$ i
Volume 46 Number 6
! I* N! b0 Y) x  d: Z) g0 o+ RJuly 2007 540-543/ p% u; u* m; U! l' P" C( p  E
© 2007 Sage Publications
- V8 x; b$ E" Y10.1177/00099228062966510 `3 ]& v/ ]! T! x
http://clp.sagepub.com) t* B) J& k' m+ v5 W: x$ ^( p
hosted at
( v7 m* S0 G' h7 A& S; V* Fhttp://online.sagepub.com$ m7 q- s  p9 H+ n4 _' B0 P
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* c4 a) \- K+ X2 w. yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
. P1 _, g( [: C/ ~precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  i" E. A7 Z  P6 O$ Y: R! ?  J
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ ?3 E0 z9 _* ~6 t# u1 f, T
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' w+ R, a. t& x/ A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, `8 }- x( c# |2 U' B: p
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" Y$ ?* D/ F6 v6 r6 y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" g5 Q0 j' t$ Y! ^3 ?, qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 z; S2 @. o" A! S3 b
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: V5 n2 g% _1 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( X1 U4 K- K8 J; vment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 Y/ D% \; I( a$ P& P1 g, R* f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 |2 _$ Y/ ]3 j9 o& x0 w' v* d( ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; `% y' @& Y! ^6 Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 J; O" Z) w( K8 xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. N1 N. T! r! S! R6 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" R+ |# \+ y- U6 o0 u& Zbly more common than the rare case report in the
; y3 J  `6 ?3 E( Vliterature.4, }0 a( T8 t2 a4 f! u
Patient Report
1 Q' q: n6 r2 o! P- {/ Y: |# H; mA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 m/ ]5 q. R0 y# i2 Y$ k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; t  m  E3 s7 p& j- o/ Y+ T4 Q/ Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
; }2 Z2 C' V9 blight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 [: E/ B- G* @8 C' g) eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of  N, ?6 F0 O. t7 L) f0 {
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 Z4 V% H( L$ o, N7 q" |- A  uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  `- d# W4 y/ \- aProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" R4 f4 K+ ~) E7 k  h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 e; Y) D$ c9 P2 Fe-mail: [email protected].. u. {' e  B0 t, \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 D7 r4 r0 t$ X( r- w: pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 V* r& t1 f7 `; v& V/ D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ S% m1 c: C! C( D$ m9 h' i. u  Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( f, m. a4 E  ]: s# W. i- b2 v- H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of  l0 I& J' y' S
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( ~+ Z( F: v( X" Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 j) e8 A8 e7 D0 wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% G% p- W4 U' j9 f
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ i6 W( B; B/ U
was age appropriate.$ ~3 ]$ Q2 r3 W7 j+ W. \# ]; @* U
The family history was remarkable for the father,* F* {, O& W" c: I
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 v) ^' v$ o: n3 {2 j; y' w' Xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ A" g8 K1 k( y  Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ W7 W+ T8 Y) [) y5 ~2 p* s8 h- v) Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% w" L& o7 M2 R# }5 X, N
The father denied taking any other medication. The
: y' u1 r7 J* C2 ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" A. Q7 J  G% U# K, d0 N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# A3 z2 D, z; C& L! W/ q) N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 A3 l" N' C" p% kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 f6 R% t' K1 U& o# ~tives. There were no siblings.
& }' @* i% I# mPhysical Examination
: i- Z: a6 ?" N' I$ UThe physical examination revealed a very active,' E4 T8 n( p' \
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ i6 ?' @' e/ @* P% T& z1 Ga blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. g- Q1 x" L5 T3 E6 y* u/ \& U; l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' p" t; w  V0 n- V
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 X  d" p8 f8 ?; B5 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  M" w7 ?* c+ f- j; U% x7 u) c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." ^0 Q) N4 R4 E3 E7 X
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ m, K+ \( E* K& h% G% Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
1 {' r% {$ z9 @. \3 f( A8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ ]& H* d1 i2 ]# V: @! o! cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" H9 \  n. z, V6 r- r/ W540
; i( |  j( _% N3 K5 v, a. r5 c- Qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: w+ |4 ]* t+ _( M7 x' H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; r$ k& w( y& n' [. x0 d7 t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 V& D) R% h, R# }. B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! ~. \( A1 T/ s' aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# x( |( [: P0 [' P
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, H- D% `! k& I( F. e% rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* o9 C; m" L5 E; Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 ~; J5 t1 d* f; O! Yof papilledema.
: \/ Y5 y- Y) {! {+ a3 uLaboratory Evaluation+ {! A3 u! c& K/ H  _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- n% G$ P! i$ Z& d9 O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; j( S9 S  g) `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ D1 H# X9 S( f5 z" L0 [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 @5 x' d5 N( L( x5 J& D) Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 N) B. c! s' z& u: K( f* e" S1 H
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 t9 u' ^: e. ~3 s' w+ F1 ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" I) I* ?! k" w" W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: N- k* M7 s% W9 F1 _
within normal range for his age. The concentration' h. z& K4 L0 Q( q' x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% p8 n) ^+ k6 t6 a' [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 g6 \6 z2 k7 V* ]
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( u3 P$ Y7 j/ T4 P  l5 D; Q. z
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 P; g2 ^' j+ y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  w$ L/ Y, H, H$ _* ~$ _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), x1 {: N: C8 ~/ t1 X' _' a6 m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. I4 l" s$ @. f; ?9 k1 d% f' c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& j- @# F, x" [! j, @9 atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" k1 ~, y& E. Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) J8 v6 G+ \+ r/ I8 r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; `) _+ O0 d- {1 D! a+ `0 p/ Q# pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 D' ?3 `% c! N* Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 }4 x& K8 R( Y) `' F. \
(prepubertal).8 `8 Z4 |8 w6 n' g- v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# _/ Q+ L9 F7 ^results and were informed that all of the tests were
, y% D6 R* B8 Q; ?; E0 Anormal except the testosterone level was high. The  @6 P1 k: Q; v+ g0 N" ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 N5 \/ c$ }7 Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! A% l6 D) i: u) q1 N; o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" r: C) e6 z# f- p2 I8 o& oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% x$ e8 b+ Z. T& p: x8 kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( @- Y/ n% J4 n# b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; ^9 {" K# P9 r  I) W
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( E, h$ p5 J* E. i0 I# }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 \0 _) p( \( H7 q" bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' R4 g8 ?. k/ R0 S- g
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 P! D" B7 W# K1 Y2 X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& {: O5 l4 X* ^4 l5 h% ?! c9 L
ing frequent erections.' Y: _1 `8 e- L1 M* _, P
Both parents were again questioned about use of. t/ U7 w* ~' x- x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 D# D( |) |. G, m' d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 v) ?1 `9 O% d! [0 v
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" {6 o  O4 u1 I* }7 W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
6 R2 N6 e4 K  ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ B4 b" B( ], m1 Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' L9 J* L+ {3 W8 R! o
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 U% q2 j1 I! F/ X0 \; q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% p) {9 D2 F' A9 U$ E1 bsecondary to depression.
* g8 M8 v; g# R0 L" i1 W; M% XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 v/ x; P4 G! V3 U! m3 m2 w( r' Q4 o
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! ?1 T% M$ n/ |/ q0 O  g3 y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 E: C; g3 X' ?/ e" B; C
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* T3 L  e! H5 v& V$ h& X* I* NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,8 N+ _: L, P$ Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" o$ Y" c& d+ F
was high, he then read the product information3 [# x! G! h$ |7 ^- `$ t& g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 z/ K8 d' m2 Y- f* S9 ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& V# e. z  F; a5 b+ E; A+ Adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 ~" J( |. U; p
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had( N( [& P. u; P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% F3 e2 ~4 q5 V% |4 \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ @) Z+ q7 n. s7 B3 b0 E
laboratory to obtain the test.5 L: t6 e0 L. p4 S$ K
Discussion
! [& a5 A" R0 j, d7 M! P# `. ZPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. E6 F! x! }0 U8 q, M3 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& [1 _" }6 S" }5 ^" U; C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 ?1 z) X7 I! [8 @3 r, d+ r
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  n2 M( l: r$ ^8 cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' z$ @& q' w' ^/ V) J* H# ?9 Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 y$ Y* O5 Q3 T% l: P8 M
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 W5 _6 T, v8 t- W4 cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( N& _# J, C. g. J/ ]5 r* `$ l2 a; r
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 U. z7 ^/ n% G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% }; P$ A2 L+ a0 q' yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ ?2 |6 I; L% X+ m# f" p1 M5 F, q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& v) r/ Y; L& q* M( Nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( |2 H, d, ^7 T: K, f. x/ wgonadotropins.1,3% y1 _8 M- @, W7 F/ X+ [, v7 J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 {- |' O" y& p+ w' i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 b+ d$ O! z( a9 d6 Z# F' Z: v! f, Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) s% Q3 s) H6 E, q) ]! ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 [( N: x) ]; ^2 Z4 a0 L, o" L0 ]ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 \+ A+ _/ I. Q0 {: @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& r# @7 t/ D- w/ Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 G3 v: T* Q+ w7 n
puberty in boys.3,4
4 _" K1 }8 t6 T7 C0 R7 uThe most common form of congenital adrenal% |9 \' z' s. Q6 ^! k0 z! ]
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
+ `- g/ ~1 H  z1 N9 w+ r3 OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: \6 I" q) y) _
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 r& P; Y' B& I& M5 q3 u% a7 _" F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) a* N- v9 m) z
excess.1,37 x2 \7 W- b& |* a9 v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 z' v9 J, d7 H" Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 C* ~7 j4 }5 R4 `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- R, e" L8 s4 S$ R9 v1 Q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 A6 r! f* A# E4 F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! {) \/ ~5 Y/ v5 V6 H7 |" `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; J) b- c( {  R' b2 P/ E8 Z! V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 n. T7 U6 {: p1 C4 P& x% `$ R8 Iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 J  a9 |1 [2 O% L/ q/ Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ T0 }0 J! X+ ]7 _are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) b- X! r. |' kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 q2 s% e$ B0 i* Rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 ?  v: U# \  C8 {: a5 ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 {5 B. A7 _8 P4 C1 j$ K
males; therefore, other male members of the family, m9 R3 T- X" l0 @/ _
may have similar precocious puberty.39 S7 j5 {0 p9 a1 a" l
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! a+ P9 u. h7 h7 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& o* ~% N, `5 ^
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& [% V, v1 o' P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
5 `# f- S. @3 N# y3 z* u# xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% a0 ^1 Y6 W! J; W3 w8 ?7 D% x( ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ _  E2 n& x# a4 Y. \' y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 f5 q( n0 W( pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ u, h1 J. e# T2 e; W2 ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ h! v0 W* {6 O
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ H: e7 |4 N, H3 D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. J7 B. D4 g7 {: B9 Y! j! C! ding the normal level of adrenal steroids., p$ A+ }' S" T: l( q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- o- x2 j8 W5 H2 _6 k' v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" f& t; t' I4 B. H2 athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 [( u  `) [& ?& F$ j' S  `2 Bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 x) Q8 t9 s5 ^( y, y7 Z* O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 l/ z; ]3 r  ]- m, Y5 kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% u! x( [2 M* `6 A. P7 c" s5 l' H
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 x# Y& _4 u0 ?* m- ^2 EDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% O3 L- }$ D9 y! Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 ]" R1 P# `, r4 ^  F7 punprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 H4 t; _! C) w3 }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 e8 e9 C  f7 Q+ x+ _8 _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 p& x& h7 J! S% {5 Y/ Jeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' x/ |/ p. O1 Z/ w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 M& L5 t9 F0 s- D* |9 p  I6 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* {  F$ @; W$ ]) q% R) V3 n8 J
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 P: F% h1 T; o: _1 I* r) Bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; @  J( o4 y( }0 H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 }5 O; C) K2 }0 B( Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& T. l' W+ Q4 t) r# X4 }* t' tactive in young children exposed to testosterone
+ \4 A4 o# ~) {4 E. X! c6 C, M" z& R& Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- g" `4 H; M+ o# L* O# \' r6 \6 ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 ~; X5 P1 @7 t* f6 q: U) i/ H) tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" N! Q* v6 P# k1 H% Y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and' Y) O& W0 l; x/ O8 y3 v2 `
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 N( X1 Q+ G0 R3 m6 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during  P% a  L3 [, L7 W6 E) \0 M
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* ^2 T$ {2 X4 i/ c. i1 e- ^- C; wadult height are not fully known and always remain' P( U1 \! d0 V0 T1 m
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 X' t2 R2 J: j% r7 U2 ~terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 C7 {# \: L& ]! T# facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( c& Y. o3 K+ h* b; i+ R* ^
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 l, C' ~( Z  k5 ~0 f1 Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 d. P) v2 V4 o, |9 fThere are conflicting reports and controversy
7 q: l% B9 d8 e  _# fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' Y  k& b+ r: m7 zpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# ^8 G' B/ L% t# Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 ?1 v. e1 U, {; f+ o' fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% U/ m& w$ `+ Q8 E( ?* J5 s" c
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 J. p8 }! _8 b- H( `, I# `6 R. Q3 u
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ `* P5 i' L, a. T) S2 @penile length in clinical studies.
4 \2 p, H, c8 y! A2 wNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& o1 m4 V$ _7 p1 V/ K3 {going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 U1 l) N- C0 Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& l/ |7 e8 S2 h  X7 o) o, {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: x; v; N5 d" _7 o( YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: Q' `( e# H4 l, s1 \2 R
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 h; P- @. l& c3 qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# e1 q; Q, Y8 k0 v9 a8 z, \0 O
height will not be affected.' a+ U& U) l* k& G. _( B
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( F- j; F: z" n$ [* q# Xability of androgen products in our society may
$ w8 H2 z, }5 c) Uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( q4 N+ p$ V; w7 @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 g/ V4 I& R. P& Y- E8 kgen products must be considered and specific ques-/ ^" Y- }+ z8 @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) w- M0 e  @. h7 W( _4 B2 `gel should be asked of the family members during
4 q% j; W5 d; J1 ^' {; {3 V3 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 p% k, D7 A% w5 f  Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' W- D/ J- t- unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% ~9 Z0 d6 j3 Z0 _. {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( h3 f* E- B8 c; L/ E! a' _history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 Q5 w3 k6 Q- b1 \8 g2 p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 k. y- ]( w3 e+ {) K) J* |
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 G, I/ P6 O# S0 T3 B9 Q# S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% E5 @% x, T, R! j1 o/ a) r' [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% z3 c5 s- [) z4 v% f- W
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, [0 v4 E/ h5 `4 ~$ E+ ~warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 ~) S  k- y& f; R* S+ @9 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 W" o2 O) J2 |- {8 f
one using any of these products.* T) l3 l- S9 c
References
: D$ b  D$ m8 T, {4 f2 C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 s! E% W2 L, i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' _- V* _8 N1 P" J8 Y1 B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 ?. l( C" [& E4 ~% K2002: 565-628.
, a) f" M& c: i! q  o( U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# S! ~) {6 l2 W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) a2 b: v5 v3 ]& a$ z! }$ K3 ^5 z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: t- W. H& `' @* N' L) w* LExposure to Testosterone
2 V2 b. K9 _' |$ aSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 S) R/ l3 L* F0 a6 vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# ~2 n- C: H; g& E& w% X2 H- Q
Clinical Pediatrics) ]- S9 @0 M, `- `5 g- O
Volume 46 Number 6: i& ~1 x  g8 I
July 2007 540-543
. q; ?  |, k1 @9 ]/ v" f# L© 2007 Sage Publications
4 m% k0 l0 N+ Y1 B10.1177/0009922806296651* w! T) l: c/ W" Z. e9 G& U
http://clp.sagepub.com
+ U+ D) x0 P1 V2 i% ?( Z9 C1 Vhosted at, n, \  C) _$ J6 N# X6 M6 U% M3 p
http://online.sagepub.com
( [; }$ ?6 D9 ?$ q3 x9 [" h+ b  oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 N$ \" ~! O8 _- `4 T2 g& d( ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
: w5 g+ E( y. H  [+ @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 t8 B3 }: y0 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# U" Z$ X8 A3 N3 j7 `  O2 U0 Aa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, M/ b3 P6 }* qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 V& x8 s3 y/ r% H
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ N7 S+ A4 k0 B" n: `6 B  ~1 T1 \) H
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: B/ f5 w$ L0 F5 \. j: Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 f4 A- I/ c. }report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" I+ A/ p/ U9 F0 T; k
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ _# e3 j3 ^+ d: o7 Lment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( j% T) l# f+ O- h* vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 {7 {5 v! _* g8 sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 F  B( ~( n/ R+ k) i% f
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 S: r: F6 \/ u% A6 p5 M: h- Dchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 R( t; D5 x1 W+ h( @) Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 y$ ]1 k; H2 M2 b  T+ A/ Nbly more common than the rare case report in the
) G* O/ h- s( ^3 g# Rliterature.46 a2 i  g, ^# C# [
Patient Report
( U# }/ i! u( f$ zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& B/ f1 o$ c; F1 G3 d' W1 g# Z3 b
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# K$ U8 [! e9 ^of early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 U" W9 Y1 U# U; ~; u. t* z" slight colored pubic hair development when he was) C) t' i# T  ^
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, X! R: z. P/ N/ `; NSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* F* }" z7 q( T; y% m
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ H' m; C) T) t0 A4 N6 N3 BProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' W  H. s2 O. e, Z4 m4 VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! T/ m8 K; n" Ae-mail: [email protected].4 q3 ?9 R+ h& ~2 V2 h1 f) E* [" |
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 p" N5 r/ m' z: c1 tdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* i: i" u* C' P' N. R* @. ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 ~! I9 L' r; z0 h2 }( v5 gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
& H) F, b1 n; Y  `a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
  F6 P, z2 o3 p4 b* _20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 T' e; L. s7 a" o* [) cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 V: b& k1 O1 }% t' M5 H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! H: Y& z" e- p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: @# x  e: E% F. x# k( J
was age appropriate.
) u' ^7 Q7 V7 x; P2 h- W# zThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, C  H3 o' @* D# V* ^4 @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," h8 E& l0 _% E- H9 A' q. ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 O% |- f+ V# y) O$ ^8 L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 G7 S  K3 c$ {early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* b5 w! t  q! A$ GThe father denied taking any other medication. The
1 s; Y% t7 P/ y7 l/ K# D6 K/ Z' K) L& achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ y) y: ^, {9 Z* j! C4 A
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' a7 i; ?( x$ ^: V/ _& i% @
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 f, c7 I& q' W: ^0 v- Q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& _6 Y/ z! @% j
tives. There were no siblings.
& `* X# k& O- R* [+ Q8 |Physical Examination
5 H; F) ~( E% q9 z2 u; [% ZThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" \: ?5 G  k1 N7 ]6 C9 Bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 B1 K9 G1 l1 K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 _) I2 \$ O* `; @90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) \4 E' P7 g! l0 d; }( ?
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 b. b# A4 k- f- {7 J
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 ]9 Y% d& F  N3 mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! ]7 @$ K* ^' T6 m2 O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 R- T0 y3 @7 T
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 \1 z2 \% b: J
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) e* N0 M* A5 Q: }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; j& `  [6 F% ~
540& q" Q, h& P1 X9 a! T( s# v+ H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; m3 k  K: W4 j. G7 _) ~. ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% ~3 f6 w7 q1 {, d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. F# V, f/ _- N2 L
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, c5 J, C3 t# u0 f% J9 hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ _3 f$ H8 ?  ^4 b  G& o4 }1 C4 w5 P
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ K; Z/ ?: u4 A
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# G+ `( T. m) u( q# Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( j5 f/ Y- r* I6 M7 G" P  Dof papilledema.! }5 I* \# S5 T  D' k: L# B8 F
Laboratory Evaluation, f  t( _4 K7 J+ K0 @( y- ?  r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 Y1 ~5 H6 `. T
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 a0 c/ j1 {3 L- k4 clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* A( x' b3 X# D" D6 [  G7 hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" ?% W+ y; ?- T0 [; W$ {* rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 a% I! A1 ]1 f( T% ilating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ o! F& g/ [& |& v3 p6 s1 gThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 V2 N. A; ?: L: D( H; Q1 u
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* A9 s6 J2 `' {' j4 ~" Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 B$ W2 X0 R( ^  Q3 K/ O4 pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ G% V% {. X( y( U2 s, O' s7 X6 W9 E(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( @/ M; E; @1 F" c, p" }& W: A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: D0 I+ g% s# P. s3 E$ Fterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
4 K+ L- ~6 q) V1 J/ tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: Q3 I2 }3 s- d. \. B# S3 r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- j5 R7 A" q% Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 Y8 P' P4 A8 S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 V2 q% ^# b! t( @6 N; D+ t4 ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 l" D# I- {' ]  a5 Z, R; z! m5 Q% nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- _# W5 U4 w1 y3 z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 ^: D1 P% b$ V2 [% g7 n8 estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. L! L' ]6 X, x3 J
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL  p: D- M% N3 g, _4 ^* K
(prepubertal).# _$ [% Q" [  K$ k. p1 \
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# H& @" X6 i. K6 S6 v/ Tresults and were informed that all of the tests were
- V. A; [, G; c4 pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The: c# i5 j, c$ p7 R+ a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 A5 p2 j5 T& n: ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 g: z' e$ s$ t, Kever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 i3 e0 ^7 ~! }! R4 ?" c& r' C) |' ^Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& [2 D7 ^. M! F% [( N" x+ v3 cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 D$ U% W$ e# u0 B: D% V: o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 n+ w. `  @7 c2 G6 Q0 l: [! _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 G) C/ ~2 g+ k" apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( X) A' k, a4 V+ l( z  j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 t5 B) n; N) p' ]( e
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' o" d6 Q8 y" {5 jThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 r: M8 P0 o0 O: X2 R+ ^! o! ~
ing frequent erections.
3 [, O4 h- O- r* J" y$ Y2 ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 i0 A: r  h* p. Q: x3 Z0 `4 w( ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to  ?- z  L' d1 f: Y. w8 {4 p7 J9 h% z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# j/ G* D: Q7 d+ v9 q+ b3 ]Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. y3 o0 D/ a0 A  \; I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
) s- c! a# f$ e$ `6 c: Q; Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 N, B" t- T: F# |9 m, ]7 X% N
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* n4 }. C7 X2 R# M) Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% g: Z9 i4 y4 c# Q- W
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 b: l1 Y9 g9 Y4 gsecondary to depression.3 w/ o- ]% m0 ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.8 b8 Y/ t1 E, R. e, b
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ ^/ E9 T' E* {! h* H( Ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- \, m! |. k" `) e- z1 D1 V
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. H* _# r4 t1 ^: c1 G3 RThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ |/ }' j* Y* O" E! ?% J+ {) awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby. g8 c4 R9 m  N
was high, he then read the product information% x3 w0 d- O' u! f) D
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ W9 w* B$ T: X0 D9 D: B6 {1 I" O7 Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 Z1 f4 n; p6 ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& W) M1 t/ }' q# q# B6 }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 a9 L7 w) U0 H; y# c% C2 G1 _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone2 c$ {2 w3 |4 a0 x! {  ~$ k
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. p0 Z1 X- M( r7 v: ]' Y3 j7 {
laboratory to obtain the test.) b. W* M# U, p/ X
Discussion: y; K$ U6 ~( e/ O3 {" U) A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 J% \; D& M$ U' }1 q& m8 H3 c
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ a/ c( f; i. N" ^9 k/ S$ V* v8 G& @
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" L/ N4 o' `  C7 v# r9 H
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 f) c# z$ b8 j# ^9 X! P- q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, p- s1 D. B) ^, W3 G( f
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- m. P) z  n/ y) X, l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 e. l/ Q4 v# g" u; V) P
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: m/ y9 h4 [' z3 Q8 i
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ A1 U  D$ E, t6 C; R) H; i: ]0 h/ }sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: f2 [  L# `9 o3 S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 l/ B, N6 C* ?# ~, j% n; }ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; v5 m5 L" m; T& A; h$ Rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ ^. j" W  Y. z! c  A# x
gonadotropins.1,34 G* F  B! X& @# h" E+ ?1 `
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( v- h8 i2 N+ t# W# y6 gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ R9 {' @- H7 a$ f* ^6 y% p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* }% T1 `! L. @" q; @: [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" |. f8 X8 x. y. D
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& _2 G- f: a/ ?7 a5 h% W; D& scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: n0 D! D) I5 M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 S2 o9 `+ i/ H9 M
puberty in boys.3,4
9 i) Y3 T5 H/ q0 yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
$ i+ Z& n1 L; `7 P0 ~: V# {( ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 L* W7 O% Q; T2 n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 z4 h( H4 o/ y. _: z# G& ^9 fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) U1 D8 Y" U7 Q9 X5 [& \. ]2 ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 E1 ?$ |% _6 ]7 ~7 R& iexcess.1,3
9 U2 `# o& }0 r6 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 t5 ?9 W# t2 u) E1 n4 w
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 ^( b9 V/ l4 [) B7 Q: ?- _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' l7 D. g0 L# f5 f  N8 t' `; Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 u, H" p  L  ^+ n& d! Y1 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- h1 t& b8 o5 M$ F, ^5 c2 u; a. a- Q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
( s& Q6 l! u) Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ C' _7 O2 v9 G% R5 K5 Yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys- M$ L  @1 O$ `( i; t- |- V4 ~: R( j
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' w+ G, J) I6 }are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 j. A- H! |* e) Z; J, Q. xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
+ ^+ Q) E! C3 B$ E# ]9 n) greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# t& S; R! p" q3 I3 B0 W, X+ _7 R: s. [autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# }8 O2 |) c0 n
males; therefore, other male members of the family9 n1 a9 J/ U2 u1 c$ A: c
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 [& @/ `' Z! L, }In our patient, physical examination was incon-2 a" n: i, U- c* R0 q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 t4 R& J0 x, j; l. ?% u8 lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 y& F9 _6 o2 u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' ^; g7 D( F& n! J% Z4 Z4 Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; o- B$ |+ q' u0 r3 v3 o9 r8 b
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. w* Y* A& D* V. G5 U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( {+ p& B5 Z2 J, J# @) y2 k
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% F. g9 d" T8 v; |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ H: V7 {0 V0 heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( f4 h% p$ A1 u( P7 e6 [deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 {$ C/ D2 `/ s8 W0 Z- D: c$ u
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 v- a. E1 d# b% ?% N
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 X; J9 G( A& A% [4 S% isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* j8 Y5 H% {  @" \& z5 @: F2 }the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 X4 c3 M! i5 f# w+ d5 Bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! b0 J% F; Q( [2 b& k) _4 Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 v; j* I5 ?; J- G* pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# q: l6 u* w$ X. c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ {! y& _- b, I( @. C
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 g  F+ z3 R1 ^- |/ v/ U7 f1 C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% c1 `+ X5 Y" Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- u3 J5 N+ J, FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the" P/ e$ r7 G, ]' R+ a  ^
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ Y" M2 Y- [7 _& n! qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male% }& u* J, \, j# F& K
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: V$ z1 v. E7 |" _
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 i) n; H$ J- Q  A9 u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 r2 j/ c; h7 N6 Ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 X8 P: V. g% J' ?6 ?! I( c* y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! V! |0 C  K# u# A6 K" E4 E
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 h! H7 E5 n# t1 ]% Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone
1 Y6 M( z8 Y# n7 k6 ~/ v+ ?6 d+ vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; s0 v8 T) v; C" M( adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
' Q  U! n7 h7 m# O- ]' k0 f. Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 w  T/ N6 v$ E9 ?# qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and2 @! n+ F+ H' u7 V* l' G
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., q% x# l/ j. R* G
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 t2 E$ ~  {. E+ eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
, C8 A& _6 D/ l( |" Cadult height are not fully known and always remain
' l  ]; K* e; \- @1 K; za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 e) |$ d6 H/ ^4 q( s7 o" o- G8 a; g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" T( x  p  E& U4 o" j' t* qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% x. T& i4 z% t; m! I) T
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 }3 K/ q" \; N+ Adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* f4 b$ I7 t% j8 z) V. K( r
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 Y( t; N. Z4 \& ]over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% P7 O' W- W& b9 Q  xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! e! G6 e2 K/ M2 Q/ ^/ U
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 N+ P2 o( |- @! K2 N1 l. k; [ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ I( Z; s3 ]9 M5 z
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 }; b7 }0 J: j' |
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 R3 G0 d# b& v% ?/ e6 I5 V
penile length in clinical studies.6 Z# ]' `* }# O3 K' U& B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! K* C2 e" b) |  Wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 z  D6 P8 y- E' z& t# S1 ]; j3 Atestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 B* s* H# a4 }2 @* wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ ]; R# y0 |! d4 M2 ~# E; r6 v
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" Q# w4 M3 O! h' H5 i/ ~diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# a9 y- E5 u2 v: p) dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 b% @3 z6 S2 l- e( V% A2 [height will not be affected.
* i1 l; W" t2 f3 ], ?$ XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 j- @% V2 V; W; c" U* f5 I$ N
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 O: `, z$ M' Y9 ~" |! l" }indeed cause more virilization in male or female# {# {; z' ?$ i1 z8 A* a
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" g/ [1 M' b( ]- H: e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 o% h# h3 A1 G' d6 S9 Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# A1 y: ^% g1 d4 {gel should be asked of the family members during
8 @/ L! M. f. X! I: uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 s" n* A8 e5 q( V# vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& r: i* K( i% L) C* w
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by: y4 v4 Y- d( i
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# k9 }0 q1 b9 `
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 R' \, H6 I8 f7 x  l2 }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ ^+ f! B/ p$ V# N8 C( S
investigation. The primary care physician should be5 k4 o$ N) g9 X' [2 ]
aware of this fact, because most of these children
* n8 G/ S% R  Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" x1 a7 t3 T7 F3 M: c0 y  z. mDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
' u8 q+ l' t& C( g1 J, [warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 k/ Y$ |+ W6 Ffemale child who might come in contact with some-' [8 x% I7 ^  D2 G
one using any of these products.! S$ i# s0 C2 `: Q
References9 i0 K: L0 i6 x9 v" [
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: {8 t# n5 o  b3 x2 `; R1 Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) W3 v; f7 c! }6 w1 l
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 d  j$ G$ h) U6 R
2002: 565-628.
: E' ], u5 R  `% F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; {$ z& w2 z$ }* Q% Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 N" [& i! f  W1 x+ M  m+ Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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