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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! c3 A# Y* F5 O% g/ w' l
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 g8 }: R% m1 Q$ m/ h, y
Exposure to Testosterone# h' K* M* q& M* ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 y) X* N6 W: O! tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 g! C: x; H6 K0 A0 Y
Clinical Pediatrics% d+ A, U) M  j" i
Volume 46 Number 65 L; H7 p9 V' C: G) m
July 2007 540-543
. e( l6 d2 b6 j; H) k© 2007 Sage Publications
! a# V% w4 y7 x  w" e3 Z% i10.1177/0009922806296651
# u5 r# O( e# S) r3 g2 ^http://clp.sagepub.com4 C3 b3 v. x) A8 p2 U6 L
hosted at7 Q. a/ ^( N+ W( A
http://online.sagepub.com; G0 f8 {% c0 k' I* n
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 I: z9 ^( W% T4 }( I2 m9 ais a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 y- ~& M0 E4 |4 wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 k3 i$ S* D- D, J: d: Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ w. i8 Y% a" G
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" ^  O/ n7 j9 k, G/ ^3 rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( t4 X" e3 t9 C3 T; Q( f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 |! I. y8 y2 X! f; w) Ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 ]7 N# r$ y9 v. a& e4 vcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 F! Y8 ^' [' e0 N& c$ ^( H
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 ]% x) s) \" `+ uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ Y) z6 O: |* P! m: C
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, d5 j' M. Q0 v
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 N. {9 G; L, \4 J% S' j' l
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-: |" z8 _: o8 C* u, ?9 D2 B
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; o: y/ q, |$ Q  wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of% E9 C9 B$ H0 R% c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 z- E& T( P$ M, Q/ |( }9 a
bly more common than the rare case report in the
- \& b+ ~) J0 P' Zliterature.4/ i# t; H- B4 k
Patient Report' n/ Q6 @' o9 R1 I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, ~9 k- |8 ^/ v, V/ b8 B
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 e& j7 S& u) _2 ]6 H/ U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed. E! V; q5 W: `' e9 O5 ]+ a
light colored pubic hair development when he was
+ H0 [) {- \/ }. Y7 M6 D7 lFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ G! s8 N$ B0 y4 O/ Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 V5 n+ u4 F# L5 M8 ]/ D7 ]/ gAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" j! A! }; f% G8 s2 k' L# tProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! S$ }9 z4 J* p) P+ h0 z& mMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: S6 X5 E3 [" d4 c
e-mail: [email protected].7 s" ^$ M8 ^+ Q" A
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, t1 I7 a$ n( P* u) d# \* Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: E, o3 @$ s9 }3 A; U. ]2 k' Oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 \3 W) H. M! W& v* s
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* S9 M  Y4 |# M3 q3 v5 Ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
% X9 O1 v0 e7 r  z1 d' K% f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( S9 @/ w7 P2 x& j! Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" ?) g0 l3 M+ _4 v% l( j2 }( r# k
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' @; h) D5 S5 \$ y5 R/ U& b! y
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! B$ K6 D, ~# j5 hwas age appropriate.; E+ K4 ]& B* ]
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 Q- b( T" U& ^5 [) Y
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  o3 k# g2 a+ {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& N' J6 {5 ]" H, B- h# t9 t
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
- D- t! t  ^9 kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 Y5 I' o* M3 a- q* u9 I* r6 w; _9 n9 SThe father denied taking any other medication. The
" v( j  W' [( R( }0 q8 Y9 _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 c% b0 Y0 n. }% `1 Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 u" H8 \( ~3 I, X5 Q' c) G5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 L4 q* b4 z( scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 K# |( O8 ?7 D% \5 v; @) W2 U
tives. There were no siblings.
7 I8 I$ N+ r0 }1 d1 H! o: e4 JPhysical Examination! {& V9 c" |+ @: c8 B0 j* x) t
The physical examination revealed a very active,% T0 ~2 p; s6 V1 N5 ~" m* w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 `: i3 f: {9 s0 v0 X, B( x  J$ ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 i! v$ ~6 r/ }9 \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 D0 T! ^2 x7 [  D(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  s6 a4 V1 v! k; k% t3 K8 Lvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# s% a. O+ Y3 S: i1 U; v' p% nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." A: o, q! I& d
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for" m5 K, G4 B+ M/ p! K5 C
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# K+ a! ?7 O( T& b- n
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
) l3 i+ n( r# \/ B* [; z+ i& vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( E- D4 [6 T- |# a! O. }4 Q0 I( E- ^% c
540
3 v# c3 j' ?7 o3 x9 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% z7 C$ ~0 d& L2 J* s
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 i  j* @' a  F$ _# e( @; ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ H6 L8 s9 |* A4 r3 d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 |5 O: V7 h% W1 `0 r0 e7 E' Boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, I& _6 z# [3 Z1 k' }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% ]- ]' d, V. k2 v0 i) [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" x3 h; C' |+ o3 {2 u
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* k# J2 u$ l( M) U0 r$ [0 z! |of papilledema.& ?5 A+ A9 ^; f* g- V" i8 ]$ s
Laboratory Evaluation: t+ L* z; Q+ o/ R: E. O5 W
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: o, ?# h/ l5 F
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% h  E  k0 @  u6 Tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 r3 \" F4 o" s# \8 u0 x( ?- d
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 q5 Z9 h) C6 O& D# ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! }% V% Y7 K3 G. D. v7 z/ r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ x  _2 U7 H. t% c% w* U) w$ ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- D) X4 k" G2 J: o6 t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% J  D; Z3 D3 }3 [* A" Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
/ v/ n9 Y- f7 i* {% X5 p& ]of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) p6 }  v# c: j' G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- L* X5 O5 N6 @. P" F; W3 B0 L
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: l; I3 [3 m' r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& D# V# W& j: j. ^/ s4 Y# Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 j/ z; h8 K0 k8 k& ~49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: O( Q& w6 \) W4 m# Q; r6 y0 swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! A! T4 }' a/ w$ P: [3 Z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% x+ g9 G1 K( |' C# Z1 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ S+ F1 n! u1 t' ]  I: Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: a( F: d' c3 |5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. O& j# e/ Q5 B$ t2 d: f
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' E6 F! m) |: b. w7 H0 L* Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ ?1 C: N3 H* W% F6 Q(prepubertal).
1 f1 F* n% a; X+ ~: \" yThe parents were notified about the laboratory
* n5 l5 r! J: f( \( Z" vresults and were informed that all of the tests were7 n* _7 M4 a" k, a' {# O. u+ t9 Q# f
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ |  @# V- v  F& v8 ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- h  v0 q7 y3 _6 l* ]- |) v* A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 f. F. z  W' T8 g
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 g. l. E$ A  O! d, n1 a, d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the  T/ \+ q/ B  l* A
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ O; O& k4 m6 l, S) T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, E" m% O) e8 E2 l
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 Z! m. R1 Q. n+ Kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 ]2 c% j! |6 n* lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, p! ]) w& C' b
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# \0 r8 s$ q  Z# s# U/ ]1 J% c; F
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 a3 K7 ~; }, y& C3 e4 x" Z) Aing frequent erections.4 K$ i$ G3 r% b- m( W+ [
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 W7 Y+ X2 n0 `# K8 ]* L: Z$ G! |( d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! W  r2 O/ h$ t! X6 X9 [/ U* q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ c/ A: h& F& T" a! s
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( Q6 F- j6 u8 O. |0 u
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-  y- G8 R2 X) ?& q4 r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, g3 ~- y2 ], k' i# _: z0 V6 U8 u
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 L! W: m5 g7 ^
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 g5 S7 X  E3 |* J4 m& P& escribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" ]5 \/ a; c: o- wsecondary to depression.
+ |! }( b/ s/ ~/ W7 vThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& z8 e* ~/ ?/ ?5 I! H+ Z$ V6 F' oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( C/ P1 V0 R: z" e. [7 a# X  y+ v. w8 A+ f
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! I, ?% z9 q! i6 X# M! r3 _: V8 `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( F; K& Y+ ]2 F( u7 @% q" I, N' N, O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,. ~. E% w8 z6 e  i- [: m% P
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- _1 d3 ^, v, u; o1 z# k, K8 Ywas high, he then read the product information; Q3 q' y1 h9 F+ p) I8 I
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 F! G8 m- o8 m2 m+ }son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they  X- W3 r7 l- @0 t
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 g" G* h1 [9 I
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
  y+ h  ?: q! ~# H1 ~been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! Y; Q$ q4 q7 K  C( ~9 s, p
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
& @8 n$ h; S( I" y6 M! @3 Ulaboratory to obtain the test." V6 N6 h5 V6 b9 @$ x$ _0 l8 w. O
Discussion& g0 N- T) N: ~( ^/ j( M
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; e  Q, m- R7 g9 U4 \sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 _* f& g; q1 p& h9 P% H9 _. H) w
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 m( p! {" Z; _& e& C- |% s4 P1 b: {it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 A5 p) A8 }( t- Q8 b- p* B" \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, s8 ]2 b& Y; d! v8 Z- V$ A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- c, }) J/ g8 X, _+ tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( R; x* W4 C, J5 f0 n5 M2 G. _3 Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( j5 R; G# c2 i9 C" j: tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 h" b6 ^1 d( m6 h4 M+ Dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, v- ?0 a2 p. C/ d% c$ H" h6 ~boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 o! J; x% f0 u0 I0 H( ?
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 ]" k. M+ i% [3 K9 G6 {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' n9 W4 W; ~* A! k6 @/ A+ Egonadotropins.1,3
5 A0 ?7 @( x; o0 m& F4 m" i1 R) PGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" A, r- X. Z, C" ^# X6 H" p, kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 Z& |, g; h! i( v8 O1 S) Yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ K* \* T+ ^" v8 ?2 E& iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 @& w+ F2 T4 D3 i7 bulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( p. p, @7 t: h: T; t3 O- E5 O3 o2 Icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 x- B" I' q4 _2 Q; k, K
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 c8 U1 u( o# L6 Y/ H# ]puberty in boys.3,4
7 J* G1 f& D4 T# h  m% xThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% F! G( ]2 |7 R, D0 W  Y+ L; mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." ^$ ~+ X$ J' n3 {  d0 j
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 Z6 P7 I1 K( C3 F7 Z* pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& a& N/ J9 ?! l6 I5 n! x1 {9 Dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 G" D% q1 [6 A9 s
excess.1,3) f0 f7 t3 `) g7 E- d- O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ `; M8 H4 B" q  N5 ^
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% M& a8 X" |8 f! O& q. L( rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 N7 k0 T8 ^# K# G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known" Y! g  f, X- K9 Z4 U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% @1 E$ z: P( g7 \/ jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 U" W! |6 A! [- K) j+ \with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, q: d9 C* D# S7 Mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  B: I4 z6 L& d7 U. r0 N
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. B: t- d+ K' iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& R- A4 I6 [6 g" T" F0 V% h' F  ]
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ S% S8 v' @1 @0 O! }1 w
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, q+ k( S5 @1 `. U0 n( d
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; m3 N& A% p9 x
males; therefore, other male members of the family: I% \- r. }6 M! Y: I" @
may have similar precocious puberty.3) R9 v9 |* O6 F* b: ?" Y. b! V" M; i- X; k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 Y2 g) S% y) {' H( V* x# H) ^2 g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 r* w" q" B$ o1 ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 p$ _0 l1 v. I! \, P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 j! j7 b3 N; p1 Nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ A* u" l0 O  ?, m2 r
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the+ |) T; G" f% I9 l" \. `+ ~( d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 d: C/ f: o: W- Z3 ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# A, M4 p) A+ z; l+ J' e$ ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; ~5 o( b+ g; p1 heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 c; _% T; p' g1 p! v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 l$ u+ z# Z9 G2 C  l; c" e# oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, W4 H  ]$ J* t6 i+ T# i$ BThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& M8 D0 f4 q( b; j7 Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( m$ z- U2 h6 c/ o
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ `' s0 b3 S  G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! m) m4 I. L' {4 Y  a1 _+ P; z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. y9 c. ?7 a0 @" L5 l) Q8 v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' C$ E' p6 j4 K/ cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, `0 l) G0 K" e; v5 T/ D
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! O# G9 d9 u/ C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ G1 F+ e2 j' u# d0 y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' i" a3 R4 C7 ]6 U1 q: j* |7 TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: _) q  p+ i# k9 M; s1 A  _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to: Z, ^4 y2 O0 p  F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 l& }' `$ ]: _7 c: x. d4 Bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& Q) b/ F/ [" N" I: d5 n
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 {( m8 `* c# k+ a5 MOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- \' U& x3 C. C% W& X
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: z) a4 Y; L9 u: b. H6 Kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 |/ F2 _  h+ w3 X4 a+ `- L
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: c, e. {+ a% N" b# L
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 m1 f0 m) p( \3 I% l! u% t5 N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* F7 {( Q6 ^" \9 I( V
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" Z7 l3 [' G% a5 l6 s8 @% Vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in1 y. D% B" L* F0 Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& }  B) H2 k1 W! r4 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ ]  k1 ~7 P$ W6 k0 [' [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# Q5 o7 C" m5 M7 S9 t9 Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final
. Z9 \2 S" _9 V3 P4 Vadult height are not fully known and always remain' h( q4 u) b" Q9 K( F
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 \) b6 m& Z$ U( y6 ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' o, i( Y. u- S. k6 Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 d- L6 r( u8 A7 }! p
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 ~+ K( p3 c/ a$ c' H' P/ Kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ ?+ U- g& K+ D! {* a! l& cThere are conflicting reports and controversy3 {, j3 q8 c! S9 j" p: ]; z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( K# p) [  [& ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 x/ ^( ^) u$ O# m6 P+ e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 l! j" U* f: ~5 x( B  E, f% D
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 C* r% |" V, A, F5 ~/ d& _7 B
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  j& E- J! v* a' `& J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& R) }7 V+ b1 Zpenile length in clinical studies.( c. |' U1 Y( \) f- B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 B" B- b# T2 H8 E8 {going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 k  a+ K. e( H, c$ [" c1 z1 ?  O+ @testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 y* r' q4 m# c" |, f% j# L
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ r/ a" X* s, w$ Z  w# rAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' l/ U& V+ X) N" f! a( w4 S$ X- O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! E% e; n8 h8 Z: k2 H" G6 b  e; I
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. [( H) i; m1 ]" [height will not be affected.. P; T9 ~: ~" r3 L  Q& L( M
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. s# G% d6 V* f0 Y6 u$ o
ability of androgen products in our society may
  K1 h! [& L6 V* Z( m. Sindeed cause more virilization in male or female" Q! i  q2 U" I% J% z1 U; ]) @. l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 }6 l! k' [1 C/ h; T% n' @/ ^: Tgen products must be considered and specific ques-( ^5 G6 J# p* M. T
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 h& v& {% n6 U( e9 n# \' E
gel should be asked of the family members during: T& G  o% G/ F+ U1 X
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, O; Z) X& }) n% tilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; g0 E  r4 b7 p) l2 |nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- e2 N& r; P- d$ G, U5 W& I7 f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 f0 L) t7 F! o3 h. K
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 K2 I" W* N/ Tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; h4 a1 w" N2 q9 T
investigation. The primary care physician should be
( U, B& N+ J! y3 |! taware of this fact, because most of these children6 A/ U7 c/ U4 e& ~0 Z5 I/ O
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) [0 A8 p" C" G* V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 J6 m5 P, H( O! S' n0 B8 |  }warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ P8 [' c' d7 P9 {6 \- ~& R* u' Bfemale child who might come in contact with some-; u) b' i0 f# i7 W6 F
one using any of these products.
$ x0 N1 K- X5 B; O8 XReferences
) m5 ?8 X4 E+ w2 p: [# X1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, k$ d* j5 ]& p2 f, q6 \' Aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* ]( v4 h$ w+ {9 q9 P
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ P. W) l7 ?1 a& }9 k; ]
2002: 565-628.
/ K, ^1 K. ]* H; c2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) J/ d) e+ P" Y5 R1 C! P# J8 }
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 ^9 }. e* p5 G- ]Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 U$ c8 t4 O3 K( G3 i0 j7 w
Exposure to Testosterone
' z; |0 J# [0 ~7 }0 oSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. f% s& x3 f7 C; {! g
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" G0 C) [5 p5 sClinical Pediatrics2 ^- B: F6 v1 y& K- m
Volume 46 Number 64 V- Y  }5 k) ^9 ^4 a4 Y' D& Y
July 2007 540-543
2 ?: B- S0 ~# Y/ Z# @& K9 n© 2007 Sage Publications( Y( z# }) R$ k3 O" M4 j
10.1177/0009922806296651! b/ [0 I8 U* e& g- E0 [8 u: O
http://clp.sagepub.com8 F, _  A+ ~4 Q# H- F
hosted at
, I2 X4 t& a; qhttp://online.sagepub.com
, ^+ H0 L. Z* m4 O" X. e" s  L- fPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ n. z. K) }( k( t( F; His a significant concern for physicians. Central
* G4 T1 z4 |" tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 t, ]0 `( ?) T: x; wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 b; C8 q0 n/ B
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 d* {& [' ~" z1 ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 C$ X+ d- c4 R3 Q6 H. n, }& b
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! A+ N9 R  j- u/ t8 |
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ O# ?# X. ^( i0 }! e) W  ~. bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- Z; @9 F% W4 p! d! T4 H# P/ ^report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" b8 O, L: R" o3 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 L; ^! q, J/ L& Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due% S7 n+ W- _8 H; @2 I
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 j! ]; J5 `, A9 |. n' [$ dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: L7 a; i; `9 w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# g  \& ]2 p) ~- _7 o5 X8 ^5 W
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. t# b: v" J2 G! ]5 R0 T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' d( \! J; B. u. d+ A& @" E
bly more common than the rare case report in the$ ~+ O# |; v7 p' g
literature.4$ Q& v; j4 s: S" I) Z7 l4 u# ~
Patient Report
5 g/ ]8 ?4 t) o' ^$ @/ CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! g/ ]. K0 K" ~. F2 Fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" {2 z0 V3 o9 P  r4 s# s5 ?: Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" f6 `- D0 h% ?+ S" z" ~* z/ N/ ?light colored pubic hair development when he was: C$ l! N, M8 C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( a) `+ t) S! e! G. e7 ^" pSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ e  q3 |' b) T0 z1 ~  MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 G; P5 v- `; E4 c$ z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" R4 m3 J# w, ~- e& q8 a# o6 M
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ m# O' H0 W& \+ j* O, k6 H
e-mail: [email protected].9 I5 f1 V# j: L! k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* }# M6 a$ M  s2 ?
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& q' o9 j" J, C; L2 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: l; D0 H/ V7 }) Q0 _' A- x2 Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 v" B3 s) r) m0 p8 j6 F1 Xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 i  h3 X! m* ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( h  W" g0 n' Y! _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# b( S2 ~0 c0 E/ n+ j8 Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 }! O$ d" a' j+ `' M' j" L8 i+ band his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 h; C( s9 B( k0 J- x) l1 T- ~( c6 i8 C
was age appropriate.1 @  P8 h8 ?& a
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, y$ a; Z1 N4 |% e) U; _5 x* twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! k! }/ c; s; J- R5 y" E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ J2 [6 L0 F9 X1 K, H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& c  e  b- e% ?6 L- A- zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 V, L( p$ i5 B
The father denied taking any other medication. The( K: ?. o# s9 }9 o7 @8 W  x# M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% |; n- n+ ]- w( y8 a/ @! N; Y0 Swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* @2 F7 |! F0 ]. K- S+ k) _0 u7 w. R
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, w$ {* i1 w1 k; {  ?cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( W7 r& W/ ~; ~" G; f+ L) ]
tives. There were no siblings.
: {. I( n& Z9 TPhysical Examination* V! H0 ^( F* ^! J4 O; q
The physical examination revealed a very active,# q$ k% J3 j8 h( Z4 u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% V! l( `4 L& h2 A, i* l0 u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; v- f8 c) T8 p90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% s; q# `! M7 U8 R3 a$ D7 k
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 [0 Q' U9 B) qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 N! S) c" I  G* v% h0 q* ]& L- X
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 C  n! q3 c8 c3 L; F
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: F! |# L2 @0 K2 [: t# f9 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ D+ Y3 g. W$ ], R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- W7 L# w! M3 T# i! U# V
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 X  t7 s$ ~) M* c  e  y5 J$ U) \540
5 ~0 U8 x8 O! Y# _/ Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ o/ c/ e& |) v7 i$ I" dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 E' @% x" o# ~/ t) [( s( c8 Y5 [, X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 A' H7 k3 D+ O. J+ I1 Q, M: IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& y/ ?9 o2 N! P) C# i
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
  d8 q- a& R2 g( \3 i/ G: nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., S4 Z: O; z! K9 F: D+ f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! D$ x1 n+ V1 e- A# c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" |6 c3 e+ k. V. L" s1 [of papilledema.6 d0 t2 @& F! h( ]/ H2 V
Laboratory Evaluation" f& D( C" Y- V1 ]! `, t3 \8 m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: w* R/ l& K, M4 k3 M
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* @/ @+ G/ n( M' H% _) S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  [1 |6 b9 X7 Q  Q, f- Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! p% |$ d$ N/ {* e% D( W4 Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ `0 [8 q0 B$ G3 Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  W8 e4 P% X; F2 v! f& WThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" }& Y% i3 a* i( f1 C3 b" {
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# m8 V  S1 P8 E( u9 L. }5 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 j; s* J5 C7 fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) K# j; b6 S/ I( _# {& J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ P( P' w6 n" dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) e  f6 ^; V3 C7 c3 ~terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( N/ H4 }7 L% }- N& Z( {" qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; Z- x6 H$ C, L' l+ k, s
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' }9 a8 E- u+ h' H4 U; `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' {: I( p1 L% j3 jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* n' }8 W# a- s1 S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, t5 ]  N/ m1 x( V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  T. O8 E( E) P" ?- b/ L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  c$ Y3 m# H9 s9 S3 F) N- z0 D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( a4 c# U; {0 Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% J* x; t0 r. l4 g' G(prepubertal).
& {! ~  f/ f0 Q( T+ p+ W. jThe parents were notified about the laboratory
( n* U) t2 W  f( i) }; |( R  kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
! b4 }, I# V; f% O$ Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The  L% ~# C  T9 A; u' [9 ~; ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 B; J& D! p8 c0 t& B6 z. ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 {; s4 R- e, e
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  Q6 Y3 e( x( L0 v. k9 R  i% zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 h& F4 g3 ^: K- c4 L+ ]: a' S; Jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% A3 H0 |( f$ t/ Z: I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 s% \( a, ~; m5 n3 N* F- [4 L+ B- E$ d
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% C0 P# Q. L+ B( S: e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* f$ u4 Q! F2 C8 o# e8 @3 [- k9 t3 ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. H6 Q( {: V: n8 |7 [3 s9 {6 j  amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: h+ K& q& O  B8 r) BThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% k% Y, D# `% X+ V9 ging frequent erections.. @% \' K8 a3 W) Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 |" K' W' f; S- n3 g; f3 w/ M+ A; ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ D$ N/ C- R1 u! a9 D! r
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 M. t8 x4 |" G. w  E  h, zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
6 K) }' S4 W+ quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: Y/ D( [8 |1 y7 o6 Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
4 n' T8 q* F5 ?. r. w- Z3 |4 L2 ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed1 G  J/ r3 l: x1 t
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) c8 H9 n% Q2 P4 s) v2 b. y# Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 F1 c9 p- p$ a$ A) U* Y8 l; dsecondary to depression.
; Q) q7 p: w  }9 a( {The child slept in the same bed with parents.& W: d  f  c; Y( O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 q. B, R- U# F, Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! p0 N" z, q8 x5 f% Fnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 h* V6 m7 `  T+ @9 MThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ m" M+ N! z- G: F3 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" X2 J" s# ?5 o! m) e0 V
was high, he then read the product information
6 |" V0 G7 s: q8 [packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' r% N- P; r7 W. s8 oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. O- O3 J' y# }9 }decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ f) ]* A) ~5 y8 q6 a* S+ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# r& C0 B+ `+ r# ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, @6 A* `4 Y. b0 o& k& i6 M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" T3 W( u0 I/ k
laboratory to obtain the test.5 \+ J  H; i+ X4 }0 Z" @( o
Discussion% [1 u; l$ M  |" |) q# I! F
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary# K; a" K' A5 f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 h- k( J7 K. R! q; |/ fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 ?' @: [/ f( E/ c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 a5 I+ P1 j8 Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 s/ C1 [! i; Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; a6 _, R: U9 B1 @+ Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 ~7 b. F- ~9 A; d3 Q- o1 `$ o
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-& ^1 R1 L& {' L6 c: x+ t- b
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ T1 K- \3 x: f$ R7 e8 r% ^& csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 A+ ?+ m- s8 l" ]7 L5 `boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 D3 R% l3 ?* V8 P  K) c/ j, \/ e! c5 xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) x2 s" h7 a- h7 U
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 w$ k! b5 M) D/ a: H+ Hgonadotropins.1,3
. x2 p1 \& F- L/ w8 o+ W6 fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 J6 c5 R3 m. p  Z" \
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 A' l8 U, d, {4 ^7 I" ^5 k
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% U6 a; d3 R3 Q* T( S) e# k
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, m3 u  X$ F0 @. u$ Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 v" D0 H- N* O9 [8 o8 }) Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 h* w3 y5 u. l. Z2 c; |/ _adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* v# e! G8 L6 y+ L0 Y
puberty in boys.3,4
- }( L6 n( v+ }- @The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ v# N6 V9 ^- h' D7 Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 S! w7 z8 |: L  X8 GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ x5 A; L" ^  U. i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
8 ^1 X2 E% q) u3 r1 G0 Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 [2 T% J5 H, n" ~; k& Dexcess.1,3/ ?5 Y; V* E; a2 Q* w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# m$ R! w& t" O$ e- U/ H. i: F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 \6 j1 ?9 b* g: E* s: N* L' L
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- x# _1 W) ?. W
independent precocious puberty, which is also known4 ^- U' a* e$ n2 j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 Z8 m* A. \0 q+ b7 k6 ?4 z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% u6 Z7 x2 U8 T9 _' H$ owith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 q/ j, G) |# Z; I4 A
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* c  I6 O( ?; }* ?1 L5 m& n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! w6 v) F4 O" @6 Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 y" T% `/ f* W, d, e* S& k' k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 m5 ~, P4 F; B7 O4 s" ?releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# R) ?) e) T7 N1 v- C' @autosomal dominant disorder that affects only  L' ?' c  x$ t
males; therefore, other male members of the family: W! K8 w; L2 v5 W
may have similar precocious puberty.3
& y: J$ h3 p1 `0 q5 rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: T1 x/ m1 M4 E( \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 b  y; F1 P  _9 {
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, w0 e) m. e, L$ i- W/ ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ P3 G, c1 g% W+ {% \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% |9 r( W. X& i& K6 ?8 _2 }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ r8 l0 k( C, Y( D: o- k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 q8 B; u: ~" S3 Z+ j5 A- ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  q+ g: e, [! a9 ^4 Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. A0 J+ k$ V" w  J) k  O& j9 r3 Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 x! G" t* \1 A4 H, X6 M' z, ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  V$ F7 _- ~! ~( O# ?9 S4 iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; S/ j# c2 L! y& @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' b+ m7 `) @7 o' S, ^& x0 ^; s
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because# A, j& }' d) c$ q7 `2 m: b
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 h1 R0 ?4 q/ y" W% [pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 n8 ?' {' m( d9 D! |decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% p, E/ ?5 I/ u  R0 h" J2 S
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. J1 @- L; y! I0 x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 F" v9 g' U; a1 m5 i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
! W: W% R4 Y+ J9 y5 f3 Q5 }, Pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 M, r8 H3 m& \' wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, H& ^. ~' O& L6 t4 C) uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 r! K" P- E1 j. l/ d7 qbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
- d5 ]+ e. J/ E8 B4 v  oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 Q. f3 T* G$ {- j, a5 V
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. I' q6 X2 y7 I9 u( I" J! l8 s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." ?6 _& S( a  p- l9 |
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) u) j- t0 Z) J9 L6 X5 Lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 J5 z6 M2 O; k1 ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 j2 G6 R1 A5 C: e# ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' [, }  g: {/ S  h2 Factive in young children exposed to testosterone& u( w! I! C8 Q( i
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; c3 B- g; T; W" M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, O, A% A6 c7 h  [9 p+ wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 E0 G# r3 |$ q1 T2 |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( o2 s+ b4 c9 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 n1 m& I4 H: l; uThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during" u1 w  G/ p& D' b8 D2 h
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 \; X9 M8 `5 J6 Q9 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain
8 Z: C1 b0 o$ y" Y: I, da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 J- G5 f# w. K5 e: t& j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& E( A* T3 U# ]acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# }0 d$ M) s& K: s8 H6 M! D; ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# H6 o. v" A  @" c0 S
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 S, g# Z: v) l8 UThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 j" m- g9 Z! l8 G; F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult1 L1 J, C& E$ A! c* t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 j3 u' b- b0 o9 ?$ T  Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 }  _* x& u% i4 G. @; a3 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% S% S+ K9 f+ h2 N8 Q- e) gSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' `$ G$ F# E) R) P
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# B9 \4 }! K2 F& o8 [penile length in clinical studies.
* I' V7 j- q6 y. {! N9 m7 sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ \& }( T5 g8 m7 v$ k" m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 T) N4 B: `- W( Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 S4 M7 _1 r; ?3 X9 `0 ?the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ l' Z8 e! t0 `Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 X/ ]0 ^& k, D; {4 p2 K- ?1 m: ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ g8 n( U, {4 Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ~1 b: Q% Y' T2 P1 G% ^9 bheight will not be affected.
# e- k5 I! i# h0 m3 A& O+ i' \/ aAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ u, {) z+ C( r  Bability of androgen products in our society may
) Z" G; [1 S& k2 r9 z5 {indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 J0 z7 Q. _# j* {/ i3 ^0 q: pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- x' }. n/ l- Q# O- [gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, {3 u+ {" z% c5 vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# V$ X" R% T7 F1 k8 L- [; Agel should be asked of the family members during
) p3 o$ w, N- k% I) E: j- Kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' h4 W: k1 z5 _9 e7 J) o0 K6 kilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 ^! M5 [- v* \3 m6 `5 o5 Z8 u, b/ `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# p% J% B2 {1 s( C/ ^  F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 H& e9 H+ v5 C" O, v" j) T" o
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- Y: A6 e# W( p; o6 _3 a6 g- Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! m, ^% m* G* S7 cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! _; V7 _& U4 B5 ]4 faware of this fact, because most of these children
: P: i1 i% k9 s- F8 N* ~, umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 `. n8 _5 r4 _, i2 J7 ^9 g
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' t. a7 d2 E+ V0 Y  a2 w0 l/ y2 Ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ P9 `6 d6 M: V) Jfemale child who might come in contact with some-8 \; I0 B! d, k3 h" q( |
one using any of these products.6 G4 z6 a1 R& Q: P# j% ]
References2 }" R$ @1 }9 E$ `9 S2 P  \& E7 l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 ?" O, I) j8 `- j
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 F9 ^) j' I9 {6 x1 D2 L7 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 b( D  [0 \1 Y2002: 565-628.
% g& a* n3 w6 z- g, j* z) I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, l  V% o/ ?7 d) c/ t! Spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
; }3 O( J6 Y! t$ Q
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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