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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 z4 z& R) ^" y2 v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 P' J! l3 W! d# ^
Exposure to Testosterone% F( P& w5 R) y- N) O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 E; L8 G: R2 E! y6 z2 v, V! Uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 s& Z" X, J. ]8 o5 FClinical Pediatrics6 J; J* g& C0 [4 d& ^
Volume 46 Number 6: g$ A! k; G$ `/ X1 g
July 2007 540-543
9 ], p3 `* B5 e( J0 a© 2007 Sage Publications
R+ Z7 E: q% H% J0 ?7 |+ G10.1177/0009922806296651
$ v* f$ E, Q) W5 i- K# fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
& `. s4 }* [* Xhosted at
) b5 P- o+ I; W( I, M# Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
# X) m) k7 v' z: I' H9 _' ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# n/ b- q4 l, |2 k
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( b/ Z; h9 G. k+ v1 ?4 Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% U" v3 L- ]8 J$ h. u) I6 pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) O( h, x% p( R3 F8 c: C3 {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; `1 ]; B) s% Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 @; ]; i3 M2 Z; C& ^7 F, ~7 nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 M8 ? _# G4 P6 X4 p+ Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ }+ Q/ B5 @+ ]. bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! ]8 X7 R' E' |3 \3 L8 @: A9 Z# Wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& `; H0 _% Z; \$ C( h, w# e
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) U' p- }3 x% j+ z. D9 Cment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. B+ T, K, q" }; Z: r/ yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. z% S% x/ P- `8 K, ?( W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" a d. E, U8 V0 O3 L9 U
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' V: ?2 Y% y6 V( L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. r5 _/ }* t! t( k$ v) ?+ mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 v; v- {1 C. m0 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 J* P4 @0 L6 d0 _0 eliterature.4
; v2 E* s, s/ X( m2 |8 JPatient Report
5 W4 y ~' K5 [: S* B& RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" W) S+ I( c p; x8 jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 A0 N& g6 u) V' t- E; `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed: u; r! h0 l, P, ^8 ~8 ?+ V1 k Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ R, }( d `, k1 J3 y& JFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 H9 H" H3 I6 Y3 @2 i
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, H8 L+ k& L) t8 EAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. F' p; |9 A2 V" t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& A! t, S& H! \9 P* |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. j5 W( J( U( Be-mail: [email protected].$ @( | ~' S; ^$ z+ @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 @/ a, ^ f: e6 }1 K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( d0 g: j$ U9 T6 U xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 y Z6 R1 a( U# }. zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% H$ l+ k1 K! l" L1 F# p7 D7 y/ e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ ^7 r3 s; a& W2 h; d% G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 o; O, R8 M0 Nof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 Y; C" H. i( k, b
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! I# g$ ^) n: x- {3 y! N/ g; w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# W. w3 v* L" }( v1 ]
was age appropriate.+ U! b0 n* e& ?& g- _7 b5 a% F, f
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 a( q# n- g' Y% Gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
# a' q+ b7 g, F+ G9 z, t/ uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ _% i. ~# s& X/ lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 [3 K' Y8 x% B; n! w+ R- [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. j" a: i4 Q, {! h% HThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 I3 \4 [; b9 ~0 ]5 ^9 G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& S( L' r: P3 S: X4 ^, Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# M9 Q$ A$ B( V' ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; g8 V0 A. \8 Q; ~( O+ ~, k/ U+ Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ j5 [! C/ {+ T1 {tives. There were no siblings.
& g5 J6 i) y$ s% B0 y3 {! SPhysical Examination1 _3 w( k3 s" r# Y+ w) V9 h
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ T- p8 P/ @% q" a7 A; j* k/ [# b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 j- O6 f! w$ s0 j Ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 \. @4 }' t% N, I5 R- p3 h
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 w9 G+ l5 `. T) }# ^% c: b* O(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* m. f! v* G: B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" s/ g1 b/ H( G: H8 Y5 {6 i+ uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 A5 A4 K+ [1 G. z, r0 g5 r& e$ oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! m' K. M1 @+ Z' x3 Z V$ `enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ W1 V# `3 N, i J/ t
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. M8 B+ A. X( X1 F4 e+ }2 x" B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ A/ P1 [; T3 F/ d4 a2 E! N& a540$ z/ m# w, W( `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% w9 K3 f- x2 ]4 H9 X. i% I/ p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 ^8 u/ \/ P2 \9 u5 z/ z; I2 a" Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% v8 G9 {! U: }0 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# E6 z' y0 ]0 `2 g6 U' r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 \6 ?+ E* s8 D8 K' ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 z2 H: \' n$ x& ^; r( S3 d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! `# D1 {) N5 x5 b1 [# s. vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 Z! K% f; [. l) x+ wof papilledema.0 d6 l* ?" Q e9 K+ ^2 w) K0 ]
Laboratory Evaluation3 P9 I$ C. `! [; l" W% U& _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ C# K# \, H9 F( k0 Y( Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 t; D' K+ w, R% E' y. Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ D: H! j) B2 N" Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
( z( M+ g8 @3 H) ]% f4 S3 `9 E4 Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 k& {7 T: x ?7 Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 b' B$ o. r9 yThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 J, p! E: {& k# Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# J* U4 S: [+ M/ h" swithin normal range for his age. The concentration5 W d6 \% A k" i: H/ O6 b
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 k# n& k0 F/ X, L; X5 O; m
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20 v+ x- u! P, t) i6 w6 b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ N; Y+ g& v5 c7 K/ u4 m4 C
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 _! }9 @7 B$ Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 W- Y( ^. h1 h: x5 e; o49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 I" e+ }" w" w8 D% M% ]8 [7 g$ Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* ~( Z$ ^8 G% s- Stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ v5 ~. N6 Z: y( t) I
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- `- A( }' T! {1 ~ d. Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ z/ M4 O) f; i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
G# W* `8 U1 I" [* _6 \; | rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 P9 Y7 |5 i! K/ m+ K9 o# K h; {$ G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ Z( E( E- s: z8 U4 l# q9 |& Z
(prepubertal).
8 ?& r4 F5 Y2 I% _! aThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 W$ a1 t$ p3 s M5 h
results and were informed that all of the tests were
y% {4 Q, v6 V7 C+ |normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* l& e$ \. S" i5 e. Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 U/ v3 L! z# m$ F: V8 Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 S L" m D9 u- x1 i5 G. Gever, the family did not return for 4 months." i6 j: t6 j A: q3 f4 m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
4 Q1 \7 u; U! {# Y# V) p0 {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: v% \% R4 M! ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( U w! U, U. F1 @) u) W$ \unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 f& A* ]% l7 s; V7 `5 ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( v$ l" n* @; M) o9 p0 y+ \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! o# W: g7 v, c# }1 F& WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 _! p7 E" _9 R& b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ c, f0 ~/ C4 [ing frequent erections.+ P2 n; y% U, E2 W
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 m* v5 R# h) D) l) q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. o* [. x+ H" j3 ?5 j' J# b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" y4 y8 {0 R1 q( lTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' M; ]# C) c2 wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& `. o+ l, L2 t8 ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: g' f0 o, w: L7 ?, g F- {
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ \4 P t! T" m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, x* d5 k, i& M* w+ G0 o4 d% Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) u; f2 M7 ?2 S5 a3 q0 |8 D
secondary to depression.
|- C" J$ H" p4 s; ?The child slept in the same bed with parents.; T- Q) t: @, ?. `: ?0 P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# K% P8 U6 T2 N/ ^: A$ S
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; C! {5 h% p2 K! v2 b# t% V" Bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' X! S1 D, ]8 l3 ]- j) P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 n1 V4 ^+ V! l4 u3 `
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; A2 |' t8 Y2 R1 b, w& Dwas high, he then read the product information
; n1 C7 O3 ^. r. ~; x) h, P3 `: F4 Fpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) G1 P- n+ B( @9 D7 oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 P2 z5 `, m8 A9 t! Y! R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; j# v+ [' o7 B% P! x
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 ?) o: ~) U; i9 `7 r" y9 |# ~been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; z& M) O" V* I1 v% ^ I, @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ _- ?' b* \+ ?
laboratory to obtain the test.
' W6 C- B# ^# ?7 z/ _0 w5 CDiscussion! m" \. ]* ^# k/ b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ w* T: s9 _" h' A2 S, P, w
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 ^" [* k, w, |6 `. C3 h4 X1 m$ bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: Z5 {' e2 C5 a$ E! p0 N7 S- f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* I0 R/ y4 L& s* athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ M/ n C7 i H$ D- M! n7 S1 d% j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& W7 i$ P+ s7 L( ~+ ?& t
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 k* k4 D" `! ^) a+ }1 P- s& Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ [3 i; k; A1 Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& I9 z4 L) a; K& ]* bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# W: b. n1 g4 j" ^! a
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) D0 m2 a8 @8 _1 R7 o$ ]5 A2 }
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% V0 E+ C! ^" V; Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 f" p. h8 Q) d: U M; y; y
gonadotropins.1,3
' U2 R. \$ E& R4 s9 F6 Q6 cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ S. B( P2 {, S0 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 r* Y, B/ j- { handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or# j6 L0 V2 v6 z- {0 j# J! U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 t r$ I$ d" j: s3 M% Y' [: [! Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 b7 l" M/ f0 ?% P( N/ p _# N' R! J6 econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: B' D$ U+ O; t0 M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 `7 e2 S/ d1 B% V9 d) _% X/ U* Tpuberty in boys.3,4
3 U- w( s6 \9 k$ ^2 G+ SThe most common form of congenital adrenal0 ?' o( Z% }! |' ]: i- K
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 f1 C) s' K# @! J! u1 U4 i2 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" i- ]7 W# Z) Y) q9 R) Y" fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ u+ a# M! t) v9 b: u+ wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 a0 V% y1 y+ n' t+ W1 dexcess.1,3: u' q/ E5 `. h: f; @, y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 o# E2 x2 P9 x
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* Y& j! L3 g$ S+ m/ g
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 v. c+ D' g4 H- [7 S- o% f9 S# f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ Q4 o: z/ q& u Q* ~! i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 K6 P5 |/ }& }$ F& a7 Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 o! T3 U. Y2 bwith this disorder are full pubertal development," F: ^0 ]- G% ~4 u V) A( Y% z2 R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 U5 ? G1 ~) ?8 f$ M
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: P, k) Z+ |# {0 u/ uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show j* }3 ?1 u" m! b% t) t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 G( k: r! Q, {. k/ jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 P, Y' ^& q, q: H. n1 G5 tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" S2 k% C4 m b5 D
males; therefore, other male members of the family' e. C" [1 M" ~3 P. Z e
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 x4 Y2 E2 s3 ^) sIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 u" H8 s( ^+ S) r; ?$ B
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: k* d( \* W7 T% w
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* T8 ?! `! e& e" q* V4 S# N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
W# k4 ~6 s! o8 W) [started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, w, H3 J) |. r7 ^8 [9 v e
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
& |3 ]2 x) [# \beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ z ]9 p1 K& ]$ Q$ J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: z/ N: e4 w& c& t. Q7 N" x9 e
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) Z8 o' W8 x5 X/ c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. m& a+ T$ Z u9 ~% O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: d$ z5 l% M4 S' Q2 F! uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& L& l/ h$ i, j4 V7 W7 n* xThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 e, |9 x1 F; B" Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 `6 p! B2 r* p1 G2 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" t) N1 C) D/ V+ s0 V# Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) m7 Z5 ^0 E, @$ F, [3 D% z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 t# A5 Y+ L+ @terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# r2 E1 `& G& ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 g3 m+ v, e5 t8 d, b
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# m5 Z ?" `0 c6 [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% y" p( X. f1 n) O8 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( H, F& u) V* `$ lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 R b. g0 E" b2 u1 M- A% }' _7 G
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ d# }; c) h C& Z$ ]# h4 Heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) n/ G' @: }" K$ \" P3 Z2 [) W
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 G. ~2 Z S4 a" n% M5 l1 v0 h
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 v2 F5 o% k* [# s" B; eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 X+ C) A3 v& r* |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ u1 p+ ?5 m; H/ u0 K0 B7 |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-$ c3 V4 G8 {8 {
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
# A- M% u/ {2 g, L% Y) `2 ?active in young children exposed to testosterone4 h. j7 d$ s# o1 D E* w- d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 C" z1 ~# C8 N! f4 ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' k& m- D' M4 D" l5 x0 ]+ E
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ W# R! ~& J' `' {; J0 l& t: t3 x: C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and" n" T- ]. i* i) t" b3 Y9 T' `1 u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( u* T$ }8 J2 D8 k' u& X5 EThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 r$ D( u5 B/ Z, v5 F, H! N
early childhood on pubertal development and final6 Y$ _( V; R+ A
adult height are not fully known and always remain% a% r( m8 @' P' f2 O# e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ e+ a- S' w5 e! Uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 N _# k" R; I: B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 F$ P" b. y3 a2 [5 hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) Z* _. ~. J, P
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& b) r' c* }7 p9 g8 X+ L% g
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! |: }0 i6 d9 q& v, ^6 Q1 V' ]6 ?over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! j! p/ i9 B& k4 z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# {' }* O% l8 e/ z1 h" Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ q) }/ `! @" |6 Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 i( k. ]6 a8 d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- t3 y7 s0 B- I5 c5 x% Fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 q: W# R" a, D6 N$ n2 o
penile length in clinical studies.
1 a$ q# {- ~. f: [* Q5 U* dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 n) B, X2 m/ p i( Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 ^" k. }' ]" ]6 _1 b( ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ V+ L( q! v5 s& Q: F/ C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 x3 _" ~7 E4 m: f6 A0 RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 u' s! g+ U# z3 C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" f6 R+ I# ?; ^# O Hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! M4 Y- K8 P9 Oheight will not be affected.
' e; K( I9 p# L3 x- x) rAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! f& `/ H4 B7 C5 _# _ability of androgen products in our society may- n; N" S8 U( g, P
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
\! l9 V' U. uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! _7 {2 s2 E% @5 k4 B$ ?; o1 Q& q* ?0 e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ U1 w% N8 O, y- Z! i% O
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 W% u8 B% w4 C; T+ w
gel should be asked of the family members during
- i# z" h# a; j kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 _7 L. k( X: A( Rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: h q. h- G" C+ l2 a! v* @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 v: \' f* i# a/ H4 M2 ?
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! r0 M- q4 g; @, ?+ jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 P8 `# P- ]# ^* ?! v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% \1 D7 r& e4 } d. h8 Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be8 P# P; b9 v# J: b( ^: k+ ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 H5 L @, n; [- F' B& O
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 n/ }6 z, O8 TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a [" ~. F( B" E3 k# F: m6 N. p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. G/ ^ W4 u9 f) Q3 S4 Y8 d$ M
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 J; D# Y# S# d6 [one using any of these products.
4 r; w7 r$ o2 T9 \* X9 HReferences* W; E. w9 n4 y9 O, [) f, R5 y" G, S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) B: B; c0 f& \: `7 W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
6 y+ K7 I H9 F* G) c; }Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; O* s' k( D3 |/ }' `4 N$ m+ d* W2002: 565-628.
% N' ?! a1 H2 R0 ]' M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 x `) E" R0 D, b& z6 p& |puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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