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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
a3 L/ z+ @0 @* ]% ]4 L+ j4 xBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 W- ~8 `$ R2 J- vExposure to Testosterone. x/ L( w. b1 S# U/ R5 f8 W y/ y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2! s2 J) o8 b' [) D/ O( m9 E
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 \. H' a9 r5 z# yClinical Pediatrics- }9 U, J: F6 C. ~/ z$ i
Volume 46 Number 6
! I* N! b0 Y) x d: Z) g0 o+ RJuly 2007 540-543/ p% u; u* m; U! l' P" C( p E
© 2007 Sage Publications
- V8 x; b$ E" Y10.1177/00099228062966510 `3 ]& v/ ]! T! x
http://clp.sagepub.com) t* B) J& k' m+ v5 W: x$ ^( p
hosted at
( v7 m* S0 G' h7 A& S; V* Fhttp://online.sagepub.com$ m7 q- s p9 H+ n4 _' B0 P
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* c4 a) \- K+ X2 w. yis a significant concern for physicians. Central
. P1 _, g( [: C/ ~precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated i" E. A7 Z P6 O$ Y: R! ? J
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has+ ?3 E0 z9 _* ~6 t# u1 f, T
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' w+ R, a. t& x/ A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, `8 }- x( c# |2 U' B: p
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" Y$ ?* D/ F6 v6 r6 y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" g5 Q0 j' t$ Y! ^3 ?, qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 z; S2 @. o" A! S3 b
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: V5 n2 g% _1 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( X1 U4 K- K8 J; vment without testicular enlargement, which was due7 Y/ D% \; I( a$ P& P1 g, R* f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 |2 _$ Y/ ]3 j9 o& x0 w' v* d( ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; `% y' @& Y! ^6 Umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 J; O" Z) w( K8 xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. N1 N. T! r! S! R6 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" R+ |# \+ y- U6 o0 u& Zbly more common than the rare case report in the
; y3 J `6 ?3 E( Vliterature.4, }0 a( T8 t2 a4 f! u
Patient Report
1 Q' q: n6 r2 o! P- {/ Y: |# H; mA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 m/ ]5 q. R0 y# i2 Y$ k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; t m E3 s7 p& j- o/ Y+ T4 Q/ Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
; }2 Z2 C' V9 blight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 [: E/ B- G* @8 C' g) eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of N, ?6 F0 O. t7 L) f0 {
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 Z4 V% H( L$ o, N7 q" |- A uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
`- d# W4 y/ \- aProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of" R4 f4 K+ ~) E7 k h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 e; Y) D$ c9 P2 Fe-mail: [email protected].. u. {' e B0 t, \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 D7 r4 r0 t$ X( r- w: pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 V* r& t1 f7 `; v& V/ D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ S% m1 c: C! C( D$ m9 h' i. u Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( f, m. a4 E ]: s# W. i- b2 v- H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of l0 I& J' y' S
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( ~+ Z( F: v( X" Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 j) e8 A8 e7 D0 wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% G% p- W4 U' j9 f
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ i6 W( B; B/ U
was age appropriate.$ ~3 ]$ Q2 r3 W7 j+ W. \# ]; @* U
The family history was remarkable for the father,* F* {, O& W" c: I
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 v) ^' v$ o: n3 {2 j; y' w' Xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ A" g8 K1 k( y Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ W7 W+ T8 Y) [) y5 ~2 p* s8 h- v) Qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% w" L& o7 M2 R# }5 X, N
The father denied taking any other medication. The
: y' u1 r7 J* C2 ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" A. Q7 J G% U# K, d0 N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# A3 z2 D, z; C& L! W/ q) N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 A3 l" N' C" p% kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 f6 R% t' K1 U& o# ~tives. There were no siblings.
& }' @* i% I# mPhysical Examination
: i- Z: a6 ?" N' I$ UThe physical examination revealed a very active,' E4 T8 n( p' \
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ i6 ?' @' e/ @* P% T& z1 Ga blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. g- Q1 x" L5 T3 E6 y* u/ \& U; l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' p" t; w V0 n- V
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 X d" p8 f8 ?; B5 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of M" w7 ?* c+ f- j; U% x7 u) c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." ^0 Q) N4 R4 E3 E7 X
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ m, K+ \( E* K& h% G% Yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
1 {' r% {$ z9 @. \3 f( A8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ ]& H* d1 i2 ]# V: @! o! cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" H9 \ n. z, V6 r- r/ W540
; i( | j( _% N3 K5 v, a. r5 c- Qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: w+ |4 ]* t+ _( M7 x' H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; r$ k& w( y& n' [. x0 d7 t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 V& D) R% h, R# }. B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! ~. \( A1 T/ s' aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# x( |( [: P0 [' P
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, H- D% `! k& I( F. e% rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* o9 C; m" L5 E; Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 ~; J5 t1 d* f; O! Yof papilledema.
: \/ Y5 y- Y) {! {+ a3 uLaboratory Evaluation+ {! A3 u! c& K/ H _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- n% G$ P! i$ Z& d9 O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; j( S9 S g) `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ D1 H# X9 S( f5 z" L0 [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 @5 x' d5 N( L( x5 J& D) Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 N) B. c! s' z& u: K( f* e" S1 H
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 t9 u' ^: e. ~3 s' w+ F1 ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" I) I* ?! k" w" W
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: N- k* M7 s% W9 F1 _
within normal range for his age. The concentration' h. z& K4 L0 Q( q' x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% p8 n) ^+ k6 t6 a' [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 g6 \6 z2 k7 V* ]
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( u3 P$ Y7 j/ T4 P l5 D; Q. z
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 P; g2 ^' j+ y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
w$ L/ Y, H, H$ _* ~$ _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), x1 {: N: C8 ~/ t1 X' _' a6 m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. I4 l" s$ @. f; ?9 k1 d% f' c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& j- @# F, x" [! j, @9 atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" k1 ~, y& E. Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) J8 v6 G+ \+ r/ I8 r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; `) _+ O0 d- {1 D! a+ `0 p/ Q# pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 D' ?3 `% c! N* Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 }4 x& K8 R( Y) `' F. \
(prepubertal).8 `8 Z4 |8 w6 n' g- v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# _/ Q+ L9 F7 ^results and were informed that all of the tests were
, y% D6 R* B8 Q; ?; E0 Anormal except the testosterone level was high. The @6 P1 k: Q; v+ g0 N" ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 N5 \/ c$ }7 Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! A% l6 D) i: u) q1 N; o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
" r: C) e6 z# f- p2 I8 o& oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% x$ e8 b+ Z. T& p: x8 kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( @- Y/ n% J4 n# b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; ^9 {" K# P9 r I) W
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( E, h$ p5 J* E. i0 I# }
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 \0 _) p( \( H7 q" bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' R4 g8 ?. k/ R0 S- g
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 P! D" B7 W# K1 Y2 X
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& {: O5 l4 X* ^4 l5 h% ?! c9 L
ing frequent erections.' Y: _1 `8 e- L1 M* _, P
Both parents were again questioned about use of. t/ U7 w* ~' x- x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 D# D( |) |. G, m' d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 v) ?1 `9 O% d! [0 v
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" {6 o O4 u1 I* }7 W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
6 R2 N6 e4 K ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ B4 b" B( ], m1 Qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' L9 J* L+ {3 W8 R! o
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 U% q2 j1 I! F/ X0 \; q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% p) {9 D2 F' A9 U$ E1 bsecondary to depression.
* g8 M8 v; g# R0 L" i1 W; M% XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 v/ x; P4 G! V3 U! m3 m2 w( r' Q4 o
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! ?1 T% M$ n/ |/ q0 O g3 y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 E: C; g3 X' ?/ e" B; C
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* T3 L e! H5 v& V$ h& X* I* NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,8 N+ _: L, P$ Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" o$ Y" c& d+ F
was high, he then read the product information3 [# x! G! h$ |7 ^- `$ t& g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 z/ K8 d' m2 Y- f* S9 ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& V# e. z F; a5 b+ E; A+ Adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 ~" J( |. U; p
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had( N( [& P. u; P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% F3 e2 ~4 q5 V% |4 \test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ @) Z+ q7 n. s7 B3 b0 E
laboratory to obtain the test.5 L: t6 e0 L. p4 S$ K
Discussion
! [& a5 A" R0 j, d7 M! P# `. ZPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. E6 F! x! }0 U8 q, M3 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& [1 _" }6 S" }5 ^" U; C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 ?1 z) X7 I! [8 @3 r, d+ r
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
n2 M( l: r$ ^8 cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' z$ @& q' w' ^/ V) J* H# ?9 Jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 y$ Y* O5 Q3 T% l: P8 M
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 W5 _6 T, v8 t- W4 cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( N& _# J, C. g. J/ ]5 r* `$ l2 a; r
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 U. z7 ^/ n% G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% }; P$ A2 L+ a0 q' yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ ?2 |6 I; L% X+ m# f" p1 M5 F, q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& v) r/ Y; L& q* M( Nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( |2 H, d, ^7 T: K, f. x/ wgonadotropins.1,3% y1 _8 M- @, W7 F/ X+ [, v7 J
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 {- |' O" y& p+ w' i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 b+ d$ O! z( a9 d6 Z# F' Z: v! f, Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) s% Q3 s) H6 E, q) ]! ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 [( N: x) ]; ^2 Z4 a0 L, o" L0 ]ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 \+ A+ _/ I. Q0 {: @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& r# @7 t/ D- w/ Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 G3 v: T* Q+ w7 n
puberty in boys.3,4
4 _" K1 }8 t6 T7 C0 R7 uThe most common form of congenital adrenal% |9 \' z' s. Q6 ^! k0 z! ]
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
+ `- g/ ~1 H z1 N9 w+ r3 OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in: \6 I" q) y) _
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,1 r& P; Y' B& I& M5 q3 u% a7 _" F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) a* N- v9 m) z
excess.1,37 x2 \7 W- b& |* a9 v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 z' v9 J, d7 H" Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 C* ~7 j4 }5 R4 `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- R, e" L8 s4 S$ R9 v1 Q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 A6 r! f* A# E4 F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! {) \/ ~5 Y/ v5 V6 H7 |" `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; J) b- c( { R' b2 P/ E8 Z! V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 n. T7 U6 {: p1 C4 P& x% `$ R8 Iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 J a9 |1 [2 O% L/ q/ Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ T0 }0 J! X+ ]7 _are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) b- X! r. |' kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 q2 s% e$ B0 i* Rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 ? v: U# \ C8 {: a5 ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 {5 B. A7 _8 P4 C1 j$ K
males; therefore, other male members of the family, m9 R3 T- X" l0 @/ _
may have similar precocious puberty.39 S7 j5 {0 p9 a1 a" l
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! a+ P9 u. h7 h7 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& o* ~% N, `5 ^
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& [% V, v1 o' P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
5 `# f- S. @3 N# y3 z* u# xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% a0 ^1 Y6 W! J; W3 w8 ?7 D% x( ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ _ E2 n& x# a4 Y. \' y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 f5 q( n0 W( pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ u, h1 J. e# T2 e; W2 ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ h! v0 W* {6 O
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ H: e7 |4 N, H3 D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. J7 B. D4 g7 {: B9 Y! j! C! ding the normal level of adrenal steroids., p$ A+ }' S" T: l( q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- o- x2 j8 W5 H2 _6 k' v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" f& t; t' I4 B. H2 athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 [( u `) [& ?& F$ j' S `2 Bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 x) Q8 t9 s5 ^( y, y7 Z* O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 l/ z; ]3 r ]- m, Y5 kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% u! x( [2 M* `6 A. P7 c" s5 l' H
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 x# Y& _4 u0 ?* m- ^2 EDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% O3 L- }$ D9 y! Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 ]" R1 P# `, r4 ^ F7 punprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 H4 t; _! C) w3 }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 e8 e9 C f7 Q+ x+ _8 _
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 p& x& h7 J! S% {5 Y/ Jeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' x/ |/ p. O1 Z/ w
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 M& L5 t9 F0 s- D* |9 p I6 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* { F$ @; W$ ]) q% R) V3 n8 J
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 P: F% h1 T; o: _1 I* r) Bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; @ J( o4 y( }0 H
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 }5 O; C) K2 }0 B( Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& T. l' W+ Q4 t) r# X4 }* t' tactive in young children exposed to testosterone
+ \4 A4 o# ~) {4 E. X! c6 C, M" z& R& Dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- g" `4 H; M+ o# L* O# \' r6 \6 ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 ~; X5 P1 @7 t* f6 q: U) i/ H) tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" N! Q* v6 P# k1 H% Y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and' Y) O& W0 l; x/ O8 y3 v2 `
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 N( X1 Q+ G0 R3 m6 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during P% a L3 [, L7 W6 E) \0 M
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* ^2 T$ {2 X4 i/ c. i1 e- ^- C; wadult height are not fully known and always remain' P( U1 \! d0 V0 T1 m
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 X' t2 R2 J: j% r7 U2 ~terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 C7 {# \: L& ]! T# facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( c& Y. o3 K+ h* b; i+ R* ^
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 l, C' ~( Z k5 ~0 f1 Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 d. P) v2 V4 o, |9 fThere are conflicting reports and controversy
7 q: l% B9 d8 e _# fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' Y k& b+ r: m7 zpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# ^8 G' B/ L% t# Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 ?1 v. e1 U, {; f+ o' fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% U/ m& w$ `+ Q8 E( ?* J5 s" c
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 J. p8 }! _8 b- H( `, I# `6 R. Q3 u
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ `* P5 i' L, a. T) S2 @penile length in clinical studies.
4 \2 p, H, c8 y! A2 wNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& o1 m4 V$ _7 p1 V/ K3 {going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 U1 l) N- C0 Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& l/ |7 e8 S2 h X7 o) o, {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: x; v; N5 d" _7 o( YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: Q' `( e# H4 l, s1 \2 R
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 h; P- @. l& c3 qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# e1 q; Q, Y8 k0 v9 a8 z, \0 O
height will not be affected.' a+ U& U) l* k& G. _( B
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( F- j; F: z" n$ [* q# Xability of androgen products in our society may
$ w8 H2 z, }5 c) Uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( q4 N+ p$ V; w7 @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 g/ V4 I& R. P& Y- E8 kgen products must be considered and specific ques-/ ^" Y- }+ z8 @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) w- M0 e @. h7 W( _4 B2 `gel should be asked of the family members during
4 q% j; W5 d; J1 ^' {; {3 V3 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 p% k, D7 A% w5 f Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' W- D/ J- t- unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% ~9 Z0 d6 j3 Z0 _. {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( h3 f* E- B8 c; L/ E! a' _history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 Q5 w3 k6 Q- b1 \8 g2 p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 k. y- ]( w3 e+ {) K) J* |
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 G, I/ P6 O# S0 T3 B9 Q# S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% E5 @% x, T, R! j1 o/ a) r' [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% z3 c5 s- [) z4 v% f- W
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, [0 v4 E/ h5 `4 ~$ E+ ~warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 ~) S k- y& f; R* S+ @9 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 W" o2 O) J2 |- {8 f
one using any of these products.* T) l3 l- S9 c
References
: D$ b D$ m8 T, {4 f2 C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 s! E% W2 L, i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' _- V* _8 N1 P" J8 Y1 B
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 ?. l( C" [& E4 ~% K2002: 565-628.
, a) f" M& c: i! q o( U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# S! ~) {6 l2 W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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