WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
累計簽到:5 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 u& N  v7 ?0 o) }
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
  k1 g* M9 A, v3 {. k4 B' L1 ~. [1 tExposure to Testosterone- [0 [8 W% t1 {; H9 ?; O8 a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 [( k' q# X4 a: C- M5 X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; F" u$ y% x2 I& G. O
Clinical Pediatrics/ e" W. s3 @" {) i! T
Volume 46 Number 6( ~7 ~* E  {/ x2 D4 u+ K# q
July 2007 540-543
9 [. H1 N' t3 _/ c% U5 u© 2007 Sage Publications/ A- `7 O) [* h' c0 T, s4 ?( i
10.1177/0009922806296651
$ t# ]# N4 ^, z6 Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com
  c& o8 |' }+ y# Q4 p" Uhosted at
6 d4 H0 i; G$ h. y" Jhttp://online.sagepub.com/ q0 R9 E* f, A& r) u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' y- m9 ]# M8 q& g; V0 B& p
is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 z, Q" {3 e6 T1 [1 @6 n4 Z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ o0 t; u7 j! o8 L; Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 b/ L4 J# h5 ]a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: N2 {" |) y$ A6 x# F7 N/ P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( K" ?5 [, F! `8 @& @by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ W( K' a! Z# m$ v- L& @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ P* Q$ \2 t4 V2 Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) O0 B0 A2 A# ]0 `+ Vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) r* Q# L. ~; p0 K3 `( l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 H+ v0 C9 s/ h( U' ~" U# C3 jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. p+ g) K* O( Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! z4 w' u) D$ o( [2 M0 sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 ?3 z  P1 t/ ?) C! w2 j' w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( Y! y) H$ q. q7 u0 ]% k$ M2 m. nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 s0 Q; h6 e6 Q) ~6 W! Ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) @& x' G6 k4 r8 l
bly more common than the rare case report in the9 J+ g- E: }! c3 b) L# F
literature.4
# P7 T2 W/ ~$ H, J/ B0 [4 t& [Patient Report& c/ u; l! z% u; }) n) s; s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' k* e7 N( u: R3 q2 R% fendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ W! M) c1 J9 _1 m7 A
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
" L+ Z& \  K" A" g# C: `( `light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 J& K5 A7 d2 X+ d# r9 Q  {+ AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 N. Y, o9 ~/ y$ L" _South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ Y, s6 {. j2 Y, X! v% C' DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 A; w  J+ z& ]; e+ |" D/ v( x* vProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 O+ P. H& {$ E
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 j* d4 W: j- C$ V0 _( c% P3 [e-mail: [email protected].
3 c( ^4 B: Q/ R! cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; S$ [7 q9 V# l& X1 ~/ i) q/ |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& Y5 Y- N1 p( y) g; ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child
* P, g$ h( }/ \6 C- B- Lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! W. k  ]1 o% B8 L$ r; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 D. a+ T; Z  V6 M' x( L1 T20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 ~% n5 Z0 V8 xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 V# ?, O! `8 S6 e
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,  A" t! \0 n! O; K+ L' P
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 h: W8 r0 Y) Y% G4 a
was age appropriate.0 F6 s* \3 A8 [$ K4 D3 B
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 z+ N$ O( C; `9 e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' }* l3 R$ U: g3 M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 X1 o0 T" Y; ?* J/ vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 k2 n, e9 C/ q- H' t( W: dearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; Z7 G; S, e/ ~, a  g/ k; R
The father denied taking any other medication. The& l- U$ a" ~, v5 L* ~
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 K7 P, G4 l& [2 ]. ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 i! f! ]5 C: |- u; n# s7 `' }  J5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ N: J: i- X% C' icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 r) |; L* j- ?" l4 [tives. There were no siblings.. K/ q8 T! H- {
Physical Examination/ f  W( S$ ?" {' Q+ L4 P8 R' s9 u
The physical examination revealed a very active,
. U( }* t1 m2 h  v7 Xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- F! U5 \  @" l$ ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ |( K% B' }; I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: g# }6 N) T& {# \(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# f! d* `8 N5 N  p3 S
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 z( @  {) u$ J- Hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, [3 k2 H: x  R) QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 R0 d( `9 R9 o& q# T: {enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 h$ l8 d+ m1 Q* d4 w0 e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 {: o) v+ b" f5 I6 A7 Sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- N. Y& y7 U$ b' L540) M, Z; p: v9 W$ L# D8 w# [" I% Z& g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 H& ~9 H  P1 B% P7 W& |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  L, t7 x2 l. A0 dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ A( T5 H  o. B' W: G# Q, XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, Q2 n9 u3 |" k, ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 G4 c5 Q' u! w3 V
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; z* m+ t* b7 U, c3 i$ i* w2 e
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
9 i& ^5 j6 B7 x) P$ m& p# A9 Qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ u, I6 [2 U6 x/ A6 I
of papilledema.
1 q6 o# _5 F! ~# l5 b0 VLaboratory Evaluation& a+ ?5 m0 t8 O* N2 A  G/ a: G4 E
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 |4 r- c6 i* }; E( P# Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 E5 {. `2 \  Q. E" `logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) }# f: `  m) s( W. bkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 j' \6 r. a( Bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-# v* Z- W! C; E' B- k3 y! h# R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 P, l) K* t- _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 H- m& R3 ^- J  r- k+ b8 o% Q8 }
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% l2 P7 n/ \; @
within normal range for his age. The concentration
' ^' J  D4 ]8 z" ^1 c5 Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: @/ I& ~, H# v0 \) b9 [% u. f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* C; t7 Y% g" F$ |& C5 ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( v1 F0 \" u+ J' F- x7 q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& d0 K$ R* i9 Z! l1 ]desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: G2 Y5 n) H6 u2 F1 [2 U! c* v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 U$ X2 ~1 L4 B* G( D! xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ S3 Z+ D8 l- C: J# c! T3 ]  x
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  v/ {3 L4 l" \1 t1 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 _/ Y4 L( C& {1 U7 Xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. ^* a" E: k" |* f+ m% ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular# u" d$ y  e) d4 C
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. n  H. S4 V- Z. C6 s: }
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& s1 l! L0 R/ ]$ O(prepubertal).# H$ R- U; l! P. z) g
The parents were notified about the laboratory% l! N8 p4 y9 u7 J* ?
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. R( u, w7 u( [' g1 `9 [- ~# e; f! F1 ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 m- ~5 [. x/ {4 t% }: g) hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, v: X! G/ w6 Y* ~5 lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; b" Y  r3 h% @2 `+ l: W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 \" J4 |4 [! h8 \9 a" Q$ L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the! l* u0 h( ^  W8 }9 j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 L* I- U9 t5 s8 T
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 ]; q( `5 H0 p; |* E; S( Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" |" Z8 `& }$ D4 y5 m, {pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ P; ^% L+ _9 ?
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ M$ H1 Y5 V* h+ m$ B6 F# C5 @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 E/ z) x" e% p
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ E5 ?, T! G$ _. h
ing frequent erections.
+ G# y( v; N) J  Z$ s! qBoth parents were again questioned about use of7 z1 |/ h6 f% r9 e2 \7 ^$ \
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 l# Q5 l  G$ u1 E% H) G* tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, {4 g" S9 N7 a+ gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 W- {" w2 r4 h0 Q8 i, B, ~
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: X7 K' M" I% A/ ^% Ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 [; [  I9 D/ q! U# U1 I5 T, i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' M5 I5 J9 A! I% u1 R% ~' h
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& ]8 ]! ]  I' J! P* J! O# z0 r2 y% oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* X) T2 l- z% B2 V2 n1 Rsecondary to depression.
% G" \; f/ l$ G: vThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 r$ _+ H1 C5 k" p) D- Y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- E' V5 g& Q* @chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 F; F8 a# f7 o4 \% G# z7 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- }) o8 i, p! j8 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 `. N+ T* L: M: N; Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 [5 g9 Q' L4 K% E" C) v" N; Dwas high, he then read the product information! z! y+ F4 C, V$ v5 p* F1 K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 v3 A' B6 @8 ?( o; C
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 T* O$ P( p5 S, tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 [$ D  d/ P7 S/ x" g- `
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had& R: }. H& C) O
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 E3 C$ R* Y2 Y9 g- ?$ `test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 k4 r% S0 `" B7 ?. t+ Q
laboratory to obtain the test.
  Z# t: p8 X7 l+ \5 r; q/ zDiscussion! @" Q5 {- w6 E3 E  O2 l
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( i: C6 \/ d: a. a" u% W* Y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, \" a# a* h( A4 t8 ~5 ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( Y6 H* S$ T9 a) z, W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 q2 z$ V* @9 k5 L$ ?
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* v' j( [5 A: H& R& C2 Qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP8 `: q$ `" H. K3 B* o! T( r+ C
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 i7 ^7 j2 O$ q  G7 eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 X5 U/ ]# A( X" ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ E! v; x# a; u+ @sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( R% O6 W1 |! k
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& h/ T3 @! j$ j* N; Z7 ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 G4 N* B: k: _; \8 C: K) lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
; H2 h/ [( W( d$ ?% j% ]gonadotropins.1,3
" p7 [7 L% p& rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 ^) p  b1 B; `8 y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 f& P: Z/ k' t( M; o/ s1 sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 j7 X" S5 G& [6 P9 _! ^5 v" ~
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 q- h/ Y6 V/ J8 u* `5 A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing0 O* V% b1 ]6 C4 O. U5 j" X1 \) ^2 d
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( B8 {3 V) t: d3 H9 }& M/ M3 s5 O- Aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% H9 B4 K3 K# S  q1 \: }
puberty in boys.3,4
% k% k$ ^6 K2 \- t) D# |6 [$ UThe most common form of congenital adrenal
* _2 G/ N% M0 k5 B% P% G' ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# A' Z/ y8 p3 w
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; O* v* c2 R* [2 B1 f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 Q: d2 K0 Y0 K
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 m2 c+ {' b6 v0 r+ |+ M% Z$ Cexcess.1,3
; b0 Y) w' {6 C& g( U* dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 G( x6 K6 |; T5 E- T
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# ^4 m" f0 U) b2 K" g% a6 k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 d9 J8 C0 {5 K/ l/ T
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ p3 C" i2 D% p1 h1 `1 d+ N$ |as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- s& X2 V5 L* _( @- d$ Fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys6 s9 T# c2 `3 |5 P0 r  X7 X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& Y1 R, f( z4 i/ x2 K* M: V9 w
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 V8 R% P5 `8 Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 V; }, B- H" t) I) z/ Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 e# W3 t3 M+ k. x* _pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ [9 v& V. `& y; [# ?$ k/ E" O
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 d  z4 M: C0 e. }, ~1 t. D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 @7 G) d8 j( y% }* Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family/ H- Z8 Q; S( I  n4 B$ G! q
may have similar precocious puberty.3, {) m" l7 m! X) I: V: {+ Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* a6 J2 t7 B5 G/ j& f7 Z1 Vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 @5 Q# T* R; m. m- c! k6 m8 F5 k) hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& b! ?! o* n# f# V# d; `# J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 @) F1 f5 J: i& f) t( r
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) X, t7 I# n( c" Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the! X/ j0 z4 m) A
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 r5 `: [/ j- d9 r6 ~
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
9 p* w1 x% J+ n9 ?biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 C6 R- S+ y# t* [; ?( aeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' T- v. d4 c1 l4 C" b$ _
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) S. I7 y$ u) V2 I8 Eing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& \* y$ t, Z5 V9 R* tThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, D9 T  ~) m. e# e  g, Asuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; X  v; m# z: I* j# \
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  i& A% U* W( X" w3 m1 l$ e" gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& \& a. [* M4 j3 x6 _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 d5 \9 u- U2 c& v1 D7 U
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 q% {& g% E' X4 c4 L& Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, ^0 X/ X9 y3 \) Z" UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 @- w: O7 F$ ~3 u% rcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% p; M, x* t$ N$ S# T2 r
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( i0 g! ~- ?- x! d0 u+ x& k( e- ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! u- [2 L  z5 d$ Q. k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 b6 J& R& N& I; E8 [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# s% ^" v7 t# R+ R# N+ _, e+ q' Opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! E8 V7 G6 \! y7 P1 k5 o. Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ i" t' I1 u( A! P, G6 X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& n4 q8 ?3 R/ W6 E; r% h9 W- W, rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; D! ~. K6 b* {4 p5 |+ `
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 S1 P, S9 A& Q7 B, ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ `8 E5 [7 m4 ractive in young children exposed to testosterone
* X3 i1 s" c& N& k( Q( B) Vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, W. P. e; Q$ l# mdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! K2 j- W( y# U: n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; {$ h. D$ U1 j) O' H  \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 d' Y0 I- D3 g. c) o6 Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* I0 j# H' z7 o2 J0 u+ f' J$ m" {3 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& ]* _( ]1 t! e* s1 ]early childhood on pubertal development and final  c. q7 C: h, b& w3 [5 R! \
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& S: {6 v6 _' h) ma concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 P+ y5 p4 l* ^8 r6 Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some; C' U) w6 e, F% j( x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. X; q$ i3 e4 |0 A2 L  J. }
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* R; V/ T' k3 B6 X* p. p: o9 A6 ^; z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. j: v: c3 N: p& `There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 M& U3 d  S! N0 j6 _# R3 j0 Bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 }/ c& T5 k+ W2 x1 A- h( N- r5 x
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal9 @, G( ~0 ?, {* L  s: _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ `9 Z1 R9 x1 t4 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( G. G+ \; k0 X% I; xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) E8 @$ Y% @6 P7 U$ l, rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 \5 J$ x- q! ypenile length in clinical studies.5 D' ?9 D. |. L$ |9 Z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) v( B& G- ^4 b$ |# u3 s; ?$ y4 X' X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 m5 |5 ~* Z8 w; b# @, j' T
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- T/ w. ~0 u8 y) R' \* k" rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 N5 R5 u) T( f; oAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of* `8 c6 @' J5 P, J5 U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 x) R) U# O, y1 V3 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' s. `2 J: t8 u1 ~% v
height will not be affected.
: z  ~0 t5 O# Q+ Y: N$ f3 f' ^) {Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, Z& p  E; p% ]* Tability of androgen products in our society may
& Z5 Y  y. v) u5 A+ y" a' tindeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 k" j/ w( P9 E' l* l( Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 f. h4 r' Q" G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
" x9 _! p) I4 J+ u! b/ Ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 F/ M3 p" {1 r4 B0 x
gel should be asked of the family members during. L' d) I* E' A7 g/ N  K- u
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 y% l. M/ V9 ?8 D' e
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. W: \3 Y6 }+ g5 K! Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. K% T% ^; {* W& T4 O" G+ jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% ]3 Y+ a8 c7 ^5 Ohistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; z& n; q7 U1 qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* v& X! @1 T7 m7 q2 {( }$ T' T
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 l8 F# W* S9 Caware of this fact, because most of these children1 o0 `" f- j, M( l4 r/ I9 r" u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 {4 ~- a' s. B. n, v
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: _/ s$ E- \9 t4 C6 m0 B& u0 dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 j" L% U$ F5 |: afemale child who might come in contact with some-
4 {' w: a* W) k8 q% @# aone using any of these products.
$ W( l+ n3 c1 W& l1 \9 y9 RReferences
4 }% Y. T' m  p- b; c1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 Z# {- S9 Y) g" n. @* l/ l/ X# pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( A1 q3 I: _( C& c% s
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- ~# y$ n( K$ J( r2002: 565-628.
) L: W8 i  N1 p) G  k2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 m% `2 x6 ?9 H/ i) U" B
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
累計簽到:5 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 z4 z& R) ^" y2 v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 P' J! l3 W! d# ^
Exposure to Testosterone% F( P& w5 R) y- N) O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 E; L8 G: R2 E! y6 z2 v, V! Uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 s& Z" X, J. ]8 o5 FClinical Pediatrics6 J; J* g& C0 [4 d& ^
Volume 46 Number 6: g$ A! k; G$ `/ X1 g
July 2007 540-543
9 ], p3 `* B5 e( J0 a© 2007 Sage Publications
  R+ Z7 E: q% H% J0 ?7 |+ G10.1177/0009922806296651
$ v* f$ E, Q) W5 i- K# fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
& `. s4 }* [* Xhosted at
) b5 P- o+ I; W( I, M# Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
# X) m) k7 v' z: I' H9 _' ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# n/ b- q4 l, |2 k
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( b/ Z; h9 G. k+ v1 ?4 Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% U" v3 L- ]8 J$ h. u) I6 pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) O( h, x% p( R3 F8 c: C3 {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; `1 ]; B) s% Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 @; ]; i3 M2 Z; C& ^7 F, ~7 nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 M8 ?  _# G4 P6 X4 p+ Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ }+ Q/ B5 @+ ]. bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! ]8 X7 R' E' |3 \3 L8 @: A9 Z# Wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& `; H0 _% Z; \$ C( h, w# e
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) U' p- }3 x% j+ z. D9 Cment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. B+ T, K, q" }; Z: r/ yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. z% S% x/ P- `8 K, ?( W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" a  d. E, U8 V0 O3 L9 U
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' V: ?2 Y% y6 V( L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. r5 _/ }* t! t( k$ v) ?+ mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 v; v- {1 C. m0 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 J* P4 @0 L6 d0 _0 eliterature.4
; v2 E* s, s/ X( m2 |8 JPatient Report
5 W4 y  ~' K5 [: S* B& RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" W) S+ I( c  p; x8 jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 A0 N& g6 u) V' t- E; `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed: u; r! h0 l, P, ^8 ~8 ?+ V1 k  Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ R, }( d  `, k1 J3 y& JFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 H9 H" H3 I6 Y3 @2 i
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, H8 L+ k& L) t8 EAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. F' p; |9 A2 V" t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& A! t, S& H! \9 P* |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. j5 W( J( U( Be-mail: [email protected].$ @( |  ~' S; ^$ z+ @
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 @/ a, ^  f: e6 }1 K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( d0 g: j$ U9 T6 U  xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 y  Z6 R1 a( U# }. zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% H$ l+ k1 K! l" L1 F# p7 D7 y/ e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ ^7 r3 s; a& W2 h; d% G
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 o; O, R8 M0 Nof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 Y; C" H. i( k, b
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! I# g$ ^) n: x- {3 y! N/ g; w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# W. w3 v* L" }( v1 ]
was age appropriate.+ U! b0 n* e& ?& g- _7 b5 a% F, f
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 a( q# n- g' Y% Gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
# a' q+ b7 g, F+ G9 z, t/ uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ _% i. ~# s& X/ lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 [3 K' Y8 x% B; n! w+ R- [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. j" a: i4 Q, {! h% HThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 I3 \4 [; b9 ~0 ]5 ^9 G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& S( L' r: P3 S: X4 ^, Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# M9 Q$ A$ B( V' ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; g8 V0 A. \8 Q; ~( O+ ~, k/ U+ Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ j5 [! C/ {+ T1 {tives. There were no siblings.
& g5 J6 i) y$ s% B0 y3 {! SPhysical Examination1 _3 w( k3 s" r# Y+ w) V9 h
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ T- p8 P/ @% q" a7 A; j* k/ [# b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 j- O6 f! w$ s0 j  Ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 \. @4 }' t% N, I5 R- p3 h
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 w9 G+ l5 `. T) }# ^% c: b* O(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* m. f! v* G: B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" s/ g1 b/ H( G: H8 Y5 {6 i+ uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 A5 A4 K+ [1 G. z, r0 g5 r& e$ oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! m' K. M1 @+ Z' x3 Z  V$ `enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ W1 V# `3 N, i  J/ t
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. M8 B+ A. X( X1 F4 e+ }2 x" B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ A/ P1 [; T3 F/ d4 a2 E! N& a540$ z/ m# w, W( `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% w9 K3 f- x2 ]4 H9 X. i% I/ p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 ^8 u/ \/ P2 \9 u5 z/ z; I2 a" Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% v8 G9 {! U: }0 c
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# E6 z' y0 ]0 `2 g6 U' r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 \6 ?+ E* s8 D8 K' ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 z2 H: \' n$ x& ^; r( S3 d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! `# D1 {) N5 x5 b1 [# s. vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 Z! K% f; [. l) x+ wof papilledema.0 d6 l* ?" Q  e9 K+ ^2 w) K0 ]
Laboratory Evaluation3 P9 I$ C. `! [; l" W% U& _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ C# K# \, H9 F( k0 Y( Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 t; D' K+ w, R% E' y. Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ D: H! j) B2 N" Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
( z( M+ g8 @3 H) ]% f4 S3 `9 E4 Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 k& {7 T: x  ?7 Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 b' B$ o. r9 yThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 J, p! E: {& k# Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# J* U4 S: [+ M/ h" swithin normal range for his age. The concentration5 W  d6 \% A  k" i: H/ O6 b
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 k# n& k0 F/ X, L; X5 O; m
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  v+ x- u! P, t) i6 w6 b
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ N; Y+ g& v5 c7 K/ u4 m4 C
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 _! }9 @7 B$ Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 W- Y( ^. h1 h: x5 e; o49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 I" e+ }" w" w8 D% M% ]8 [7 g$ Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* ~( Z$ ^8 G% s- Stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ v5 ~. N6 Z: y( t) I
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- `- A( }' T! {1 ~  d. Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ z/ M4 O) f; i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  G# W* `8 U1 I" [* _6 \; |  rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 P9 Y7 |5 i! K/ m+ K9 o# K  h; {$ G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ Z( E( E- s: z8 U4 l# q9 |& Z
(prepubertal).
8 ?& r4 F5 Y2 I% _! aThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 W$ a1 t$ p3 s  M5 h
results and were informed that all of the tests were
  y% {4 Q, v6 V7 C+ |normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* l& e$ \. S" i5 e. Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 U/ v3 L! z# m$ F: V8 Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 S  L" m  D9 u- x1 i5 G. Gever, the family did not return for 4 months." i6 j: t6 j  A: q3 f4 m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
4 Q1 \7 u; U! {# Y# V) p0 {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: v% \% R4 M! ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( U  w! U, U. F1 @) u) W$ \unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 f& A* ]% l7 s; V7 `5 ipletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( v$ l" n* @; M) o9 p0 y+ \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! o# W: g7 v, c# }1 F& WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 _! p7 E" _9 R& b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ c, f0 ~/ C4 [ing frequent erections.+ P2 n; y% U, E2 W
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 m* v5 R# h) D) l) q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. o* [. x+ H" j3 ?5 j' J# b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" y4 y8 {0 R1 q( lTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' M; ]# C) c2 wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& `. o+ l, L2 t8 ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: g' f0 o, w: L7 ?, g  F- {
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ \4 P  t! T" m
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, x* d5 k, i& M* w+ G0 o4 d% Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) u; f2 M7 ?2 S5 a3 q0 |8 D
secondary to depression.
  |- C" J$ H" p4 s; ?The child slept in the same bed with parents.; T- Q) t: @, ?. `: ?0 P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# K% P8 U6 T2 N/ ^: A$ S
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; C! {5 h% p2 K! v2 b# t% V" Bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' X! S1 D, ]8 l3 ]- j) P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 n1 V4 ^+ V! l4 u3 `
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; A2 |' t8 Y2 R1 b, w& Dwas high, he then read the product information
; n1 C7 O3 ^. r. ~; x) h, P3 `: F4 Fpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) G1 P- n+ B( @9 D7 oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 P2 z5 `, m8 A9 t! Y! R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; j# v+ [' o7 B% P! x
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 ?) o: ~) U; i9 `7 r" y9 |# ~been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; z& M) O" V* I1 v% ^  I, @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ _- ?' b* \+ ?
laboratory to obtain the test.
' W6 C- B# ^# ?7 z/ _0 w5 CDiscussion! m" \. ]* ^# k/ b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ w* T: s9 _" h' A2 S, P, w
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 ^" [* k, w, |6 `. C3 h4 X1 m$ bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: Z5 {' e2 C5 a$ E! p0 N7 S- f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* I0 R/ y4 L& s* athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ M/ n  C7 i  H$ D- M! n7 S1 d% j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& W7 i$ P+ s7 L( ~+ ?& t
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 k* k4 D" `! ^) a+ }1 P- s& Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ [3 i; k; A1 Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& I9 z4 L) a; K& ]* bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# W: b. n1 g4 j" ^! a
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) D0 m2 a8 @8 _1 R7 o$ ]5 A2 }
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% V0 E+ C! ^" V; Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by0 f" p. h8 Q) d: U  M; y; y
gonadotropins.1,3
' U2 R. \$ E& R4 s9 F6 Q6 cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ S. B( P2 {, S0 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 r* Y, B/ j- {  handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or# j6 L0 V2 v6 z- {0 j# J! U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 t  r$ I$ d" j: s3 M% Y' [: [! Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 b7 l" M/ f0 ?% P( N/ p  _# N' R! J6 econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: B' D$ U+ O; t0 M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 `7 e2 S/ d1 B% V9 d) _% X/ U* Tpuberty in boys.3,4
3 U- w( s6 \9 k$ ^2 G+ SThe most common form of congenital adrenal0 ?' o( Z% }! |' ]: i- K
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 f1 C) s' K# @! J! u1 U4 i2 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" i- ]7 W# Z) Y) q9 R) Y" fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ u+ a# M! t) v9 b: u+ wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 a0 V% y1 y+ n' t+ W1 dexcess.1,3: u' q/ E5 `. h: f; @, y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 o# E2 x2 P9 x
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* Y& j! L3 g$ S+ m/ g
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 v. c+ D' g4 H- [7 S- o% f9 S# f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ Q4 o: z/ q& u  Q* ~! i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 K6 P5 |/ }& }$ F& a7 Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 o! T3 U. Y2 bwith this disorder are full pubertal development," F: ^0 ]- G% ~4 u  V) A( Y% z2 R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys7 U5 ?  G1 ~) ?8 f$ M
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: P, k) Z+ |# {0 u/ uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  j* }3 ?1 u" m! b% t) t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 G( k: r! Q, {. k/ jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 P, Y' ^& q, q: H. n1 G5 tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" S2 k% C4 m  b5 D
males; therefore, other male members of the family' e. C" [1 M" ~3 P. Z  e
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 x4 Y2 E2 s3 ^) sIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 u" H8 s( ^+ S) r; ?$ B
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: k* d( \* W7 T% w
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* T8 ?! `! e& e" q* V4 S# N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
  W# k4 ~6 s! o8 W) [started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, w, H3 J) |. r7 ^8 [9 v  e
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
& |3 ]2 x) [# \beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ z  ]9 p1 K& ]$ Q$ J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: z/ N: e4 w& c& t. Q7 N" x9 e
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) Z8 o' W8 x5 X/ c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. m& a+ T$ Z  u9 ~% O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: d$ z5 l% M4 S' Q2 F! uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& L& l/ h$ i, j4 V7 W7 n* xThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 e, |9 x1 F; B" Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 `6 p! B2 r* p1 G2 v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" t) N1 C) D/ V+ s0 V# Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) m7 Z5 ^0 E, @$ F, [3 D% z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 t# A5 Y+ L+ @terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# r2 E1 `& G& ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 g3 m+ v, e5 t8 d, b
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# m5 Z  ?" `0 c6 [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% y" p( X. f1 n) O8 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( H, F& u) V* `$ lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 R  b. g0 E" b2 u1 M- A% }' _7 G
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ d# }; c) h  C& Z$ ]# h4 Heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) n/ G' @: }" K$ \" P3 Z2 [) W
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 G. ~2 Z  S4 a" n% M5 l1 v0 h
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 v2 F5 o% k* [# s" B; eOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 X+ C) A3 v& r* |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ u1 p+ ?5 m; H/ u0 K0 B7 |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-$ c3 V4 G8 {8 {
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
# A- M% u/ {2 g, L% Y) `2 ?active in young children exposed to testosterone4 h. j7 d$ s# o1 D  E* w- d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 C" z1 ~# C8 N! f4 ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' k& m- D' M4 D" l5 x0 ]+ E
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ W# R! ~& J' `' {; J0 l& t: t3 x: C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and" n" T- ]. i* i) t" b3 Y9 T' `1 u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( u* T$ }8 J2 D8 k' u& X5 EThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 r$ D( u5 B/ Z, v5 F, H! N
early childhood on pubertal development and final6 Y$ _( V; R+ A
adult height are not fully known and always remain% a% r( m8 @' P' f2 O# e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ e+ a- S' w5 e! Uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 N  _# k" R; I: B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 F$ P" b. y3 a2 [5 hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) Z* _. ~. J, P
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& b) r' c* }7 p9 g8 X+ L% g
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! |: }0 i6 d9 q& v, ^6 Q1 V' ]6 ?over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! j! p/ i9 B& k4 z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# {' }* O% l8 e/ z1 h" Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ q) }/ `! @" |6 Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 i( k. ]6 a8 d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- t3 y7 s0 B- I5 c5 x% Fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 q: W# R" a, D6 N$ n2 o
penile length in clinical studies.
1 a$ q# {- ~. f: [* Q5 U* dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 n) B, X2 m/ p  i( Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 ^" k. }' ]" ]6 _1 b( ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ V+ L( q! v5 s& Q: F/ C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 x3 _" ~7 E4 m: f6 A0 RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of7 u' s! g+ U# z3 C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" f6 R+ I# ?; ^# O  Hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! M4 Y- K8 P9 Oheight will not be affected.
' e; K( I9 p# L3 x- x) rAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! f& `/ H4 B7 C5 _# _ability of androgen products in our society may- n; N" S8 U( g, P
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
  \! l9 V' U. uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! _7 {2 s2 E% @5 k4 B$ ?; o1 Q& q* ?0 e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ U1 w% N8 O, y- Z! i% O
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 W% u8 B% w4 C; T+ w
gel should be asked of the family members during
- i# z" h# a; j  kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 _7 L. k( X: A( Rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: h  q. h- G" C+ l2 a! v* @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 v: \' f* i# a/ H4 M2 ?
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! r0 M- q4 g; @, ?+ jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 P8 `# P- ]# ^* ?! v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% \1 D7 r& e4 }  d. h8 Dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be8 P# P; b9 v# J: b( ^: k+ ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 H5 L  @, n; [- F' B& O
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 n/ }6 z, O8 TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  [" ~. F( B" E3 k# F: m6 N. p
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. G/ ^  W4 u9 f) Q3 S4 Y8 d$ M
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 J; D# Y# S# d6 [one using any of these products.
4 r; w7 r$ o2 T9 \* X9 HReferences* W; E. w9 n4 y9 O, [) f, R5 y" G, S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) B: B; c0 f& \: `7 W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
6 y+ K7 I  H9 F* G) c; }Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; O* s' k( D3 |/ }' `4 N$ m+ d* W2002: 565-628.
% N' ?! a1 H2 R0 ]' M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 x  `) E" R0 D, b& z6 p& |puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
累計簽到:248 天
連續簽到:19 天
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
累計簽到:3 天
連續簽到:1 天
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
/ O3 j7 ]( ~3 t7 s# L- _
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

尚未簽到

發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表